Exam 2 protein Flashcards
Basic structure of amino acid
a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom; an amino group; which contains nitrogen; an acid group; and a side chain
What makes one AA different than another
The nitrogen distinguishes amino acids
How many AA are there
20
Essential AA
Amino acid that can’t be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet its needs and must be included in diet. 9
Nonessential AA
They can be made in the body. 11
Are both AA in our food
yes
What is required for protein production
Dietary proteins that go through digestion into the amino acid pool where there is energy production, synthesis of glucose or fatty acids and synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen. Protein synthesis creates body proteins. Can be reversed to create protein breakdown.
DNA
blueprint order of AA
mRNA/ transfer RNA
Copy of DNA. transfer brings to ribosomes
Ribosomes
Site in cells for protein production
Major roles of protein in the body
Make muscles, organs, blood proteins, hormones
Process of protein digestion and absorption
Starts in stomach with enzyme pepsin to chemically break down. In SI enzymes break down into amino acids, in mucosal cell they are broken down into single amino acids and travel in the blood to the liver.
Deamination
the removal of the amino group from an AA
Denaturation
Alteration of a proteins 3 dimensional structure
Primary
Structure of AA. If wrong,wrong protein = sickle cell
Secondary
Unfolding
Tertiary
Shape dependent on its environment (temp, pH) changing it looses structure
Quaternary
Chunks of protein that get together to make a larger protein
What happens to ammonia and urea in response to deamination
both are put in the urine to be removed. Gives urine the smell
What do you multiply weight by to get RDA of protein intake
.80
What happens to extra protein we eat
Process the extra AA in deamination and the nitrogen is converted into urea and gotten rid of in the urine. Use the other end of the molecule for energy. You can gain body fat from eating too much protein
Nitrogen balance
the amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted over a given period.
Source of input for nitrogen balance
dietary protein
Source of output for nitrogen balance
Urine
Negative nitrogen balance
more protein is being broken down than synthesized. Occurs due to injury or illness as well as when the diet is too low in protein/ calories
Zero nitrogen balance
Total amount of protein in the body isn’t changing. Healthy adults who consume adequate amounts of protein.
Positive nitrogen balance
More synthesis than degradation. Occurs when body is growing during pregnancy, weight lifters
What determines the quality of a protein
Protein quality is determined by how good the protein in a food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs to synthesize proteins.
Limiting amino acid
the essential amino acid that is present in shortest supply relative to the body’s need for it.
If you eat only one protein food for two weeks and it had a non-essential amino acids missing, what would happen?
It would be difficult to meet your bodys protein needs
If you eat only one protein food for two weeks and it had a essential amino acids missing, what would happen?
Your body would take muscles tissues and break them down to use their AA elsewhere
Protein energy malnutrition
A condition characterized by loss of muscle and fat mass and an increased susceptibility to infection that results from the long-term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and/or protein to meet the body’s needs.
Kwashiorkor
A form of protein energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient
Marasmus
A form of protein energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting
Common around the world
Vegetarian
A diet that includes plant-based foods and eliminates some or all of animal foods
Vegan
A plant-based diet that eliminates all animal products.
Positive effects of a vegan diet
Lowers sat fat. Increase fiber, antioxidants, decreases obesity, high BP, cancer, CVD and diabetes
Negatives effects of a vegan diet
Decreases: iron, calcium, vitamin B12 and D. Increase: anemia and osteoporosis
