Exam 2 Lipids and cardiovascular disease Flashcards
Sterols
Functional molecule of multiple chemical rings, no kcal and only found in animal foods
Phospholipids
Allow water and fat to mix. Lipid that contains phosphorous
Triglyceride
Contains glycerol and any combination of 3 fatty acids most contain 14-22 carbons
Fatty acids
A chain of carbon atoms with an acid group at the end of the chain.
Saturated
A fatty acid in which the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. No carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated
a fatty acid that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bond. Mono or poly
Omega 3 fatty acids
if the 1st double bond occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon atoms
Omega 6 fatty acids
1st double bond occurs between 6th and 7th carbon atoms
Linoleic
an omega 6 essential fatty acid with 18 carbons and 2 carbon-carbon double bonds
Linolenic
an omega 3 essential fatty acids with 18 carbons and 3 carbon-carbon double bonds
Cis fatty acids
hydrogens are on the same side of the double bond and cause a bend in the carbon chain
Trans fatty acids
the hydrogens are on opposite sides of the double bond, making the chain straighter
Foods rich in saturated fat
butter, cheddar cheese, coconut oil.
Foods rich in monounsaturated fat
canola oil, olive oil, avocado
Foods rich in polyunsaturated fats
corn oil, walnuts, flaxseed
What do we get plenty of in our diet?
Omega 6
What do we need more of in our diets
omega 3
Hydrogenation
process to make partially hydrogenated oils in which hydrogen atoms are added to the C-C double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated.
Why do manufacturers hydrogenate oils?
They are more solid at room temperature and can be stored longer
Why do nutritionist recommend to avoid foods put through hydrogenation
Increases the risk of developing heart disease
Which foods have the most trans fat?
Cakes,pies,cookies and butter
Why isnt cholesterol an essential nutrient?
our body can make it
How does the body get rid of cholesterol
Liver gets rid of it by excreting free cholesterol into the intestine along with bile. Only form intestinal cells can absorb
Food sources of cholesteroL
Animal foods. Eggs, salmon and chicken
Why doesnt cholesterol have calories
Our body doesnt have the ability to rip it apart and use the chemical energy as calories
Digestions and absorption of lipids
Fats start melting in mouth, churned in stomach, in SI bile and pancreatic lipase emulsifies lipids and break down to fatty acids then into chylomicrons and put into blood system
Lipoprotein
particle that transports lipids in the blood
Chylomicrons
formed in the SI circulate the blood delivering triglycerides to body cells
VLDL
Made in the liver and transport triglycerides away from the liver
HDL
Pick up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and return it to the liver
LDL
transformed from remaining VLDL in liver. Deliver cholesterol to the body by binding to a protein on the cell membrane LDL recptor
Progression of atherosclerosis
Damage is made to the lining of an artery and begins inflammation which begins plaque formation.
Plaque
cholesterol rich material that is deposited in the arteries of individuals with atherosclerosis
Major risk factors for coronary heart disease
Diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and high blood levels of LDL
Why is LDL called bad cholesterol
Causes the build up of plaque (oxidized)
Why is HDL called good cholesterol
Transports cholesterol back to the liver to be reused
Dietary guidelines and AMDRs related to lipids
Total = 20-35% of total fat intake
Sat fat: <10% total calories
