Exam 2 - Lecture's 9 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Most court cases involving children:

__________ and/or physical abuse
Most with a __________/relative

Sexual

- parent

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US constitution mandates that defendants have the right to confront their __________

accusers

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Maryland v Craig 1990 – Children need not be physically __________ (general demeanor observable)

present

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Crawford v __________ 2004 – Hearsay no longer permitted unless defendant has chance to cross examine
-Forces children to be present/testify in open court

Washington

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Crawford v Washington 2004 – Hearsay no longer permitted unless defendant has chance to __________
-Forces children to be present/testify in open court

cross examine

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Crawford v Washington 2004 – Hearsay no longer permitted unless defendant has chance to cross examine
-Forces children to be present/________ in open court

testify

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-Psychological consequences of testifying in cases of Sexual Abuse -

Greater __________ disturbance
–Stronger when taking stand multiple times, deprived of maternal support, lacked corroboration

behavioral

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-Psychological consequences of testifying in cases of Sexual Abuse -

Greater behavioral disturbance
–Stronger when taking stand __________ times, deprived of __________ support, lacked corroboration

multiple

- maternal

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Psychological consequences of testifying in cases of Sexual Abuse -
Greatest reported fear = Facing the __________ in court

defendant

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-Child Witnesses as Legal Actors-

Poorer mental health/greater likelihood __________ disorder

psychological

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-Child Witnesses as Legal Actors-

Poorer current __________

functioning

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-Child Witnesses as Legal Actors-

Greater distress in court predicted poorer adjustment – more negative attitudes about __________

legal system

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-Child Witnesses as Legal Actors-

CC TV Studies–

-Found children were less __________
-Calmer more coherent testimony
-Jurors…still preferred ______ testimony

anxious

- live

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-Child Witnesses as Legal Actors-

UK – Children are cross examined in a __________ environment, and examination is taped and played in court

separate

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-Wheeler Criteria-

Capacity to __________ an event
The ability to recall the event
Sufficient communication skills to convey that memory (diff between words: ask vs. tell)
Ability to distinguish __________ and fiction
The capacity to appreciate one’s duty to tell the truth in court

observe

- fact

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-Wheeler Criteria-

Capacity to observe an event
The ability to recall the event
Sufficient communication skills to convey that __________ (diff between words: ask vs. tell)
Ability to distinguish fact and fiction
The capacity to appreciate one’s duty to tell the __________ in court

memory

- truth

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-Anatomically Correct Dolls-

Requires symbolic __________

reasoning

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-Anatomically Correct Dolls-

Requires symbolic reasoning-

-Children need to extend the doll as a representation of __________
-Such a task significant Cognitive development
-Representational capacity/______ thinking

themselves

- abstract

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-Anatomically Correct Dolls-

Requires symbolic reasoning – Children don’t have the__________ capacity to identify the doll as themselves

cognitive

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Goodman et al., 2000 – AC doll play:

Can lead to __________ memory reporting in children

false

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-AC Dolls-

NOT a psychological test with predictive __________

validity

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-AC Dolls-

Definitive statements about sexual abuse cannot be made on the basis of spontaneous or guided “______”

play

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-AC Dolls-

Leading questions can lead to _______ reports

false

-AC Dolls-

Children lack the cognitive capacity to effectively __________ with dolls (until they no longer need to)

communicate

-Children and; Lineups- Children remembered fewer details about a perpetrator compared to an __________

adult

-Children and; Lineups- Accuracy rates lower for __________ children compared to __________ children

- younger | - older

-Children and; Lineups- Much __________ performance in TA (target absent) lineups

poorer

-Children and; Lineups- Children seem to have a harder time __________ a lineup compared to adults

rejecting

-Children and; Lineups- Why do children perform worse? - Featural facial __________ - Children have to learn to process faces holistically (Diamond et al., 1978) - -Usually achieved around age _____

- encoding | - 10-12

-Children and; Lineups- Why do children perform worse? - Featural facial encoding - Children have to learn to process faces __________ (Diamond et al., 1978) - -Usually achieved around age 10-12

holistically

-Children and; Lineups- What about the sequential lineup? -Children perform MUCH __________ when given sequential – simultaneous consistently found to be __________

- worse | - superior

-The elimination Lineup- Developed largely with Children in mind -Children typically have a hard time __________ lineups

rejecting

-The elimination Lineup- Evidence has found that in children (not adults): - Maintains Correct __________ IDS - Increases Correct __________ in TA lineups

- Suspect | - Rejections

Children should interview as __________ as possible

few times

Children should face __________ from the defendant | -Ideally they should not testify in __________ court

- away | - open

Children should face away from the defendant | -Ideally they __________ testify in open court

should not

-Children & the Legal System- When interviewed proper developmentally appropriate __________ should be used

language

-Children & the Legal System- While children aren’t as good at adults with __________ recognition – they can be good witnesses if proper procedures are followed

facial

-Children & the Legal System- While children aren’t as good at adults with facial recognition – they can be good witnesses if proper __________ are followed

procedures

-NICHD Interview- ``` Structured approach (not freeform like CI) -Generates more reliably __________ information ```

accurate

-NICHD Interview- ``` Structured approach (not freeform like CI) -Much less __________ information ```

false

-NICHD Interview- ``` Structured approach (not freeform like CI) -Lamb et al., found NICHD interview was able to get more __________ children to disclose compared to standard approaches ```

reluctant

-NICHD Interview- ``` Structured approach (not freeform like CI) -Focus on non-suggestive __________ questions ```

Open ended

-NICHD Interview- Introduction – __________ self/anyone else in room (ideally just 1 on 1)

introduce

-NICHD Interview- Establish __________ of the interview

rules

-NICHD Interview- Truth vs. Lie Ceremony - “What is true and what is __________” - “If I say my shoes are green is that true or not true?”

not true

-NICHD Interview- No __________ instruction - “If I ask a question and you don’t known the answer tell me “I don’t know” - What’s my dog’s name?

guess

-NICHD Interview- __________ Building “Tell me about things you like to do Avoid fantasy/tv/videogames

Rapport

-NICHD Interview- Training in __________ memory -Prior to interview identify a recent event you already know about – ask them to tell it in “a lot” of detail

episodic

-NICHD Interview- Transition to the _________ Issues - Talk about why the child thinks they are here today - Let child volunteer allegation – do not force

Substantive

-NICHD Interview- _________ the incident(s) -Tell me everything that happened

Investigating

-NICHD Interview- _________ - Anything else I should know? - Ending on a neutral topic – “Tell me about your new puppy!”

Closing

Child memory more _________ than adult memory

vulnerable

Child memory more vulnerable than adult memory - Can be easily _________ and contain confabulated details (some very elaborate) - Children are vulnerable – and testifying incredible _________

- manipulated | - stressful

Child memory more vulnerable than adult memory - Can be easily manipulated and contain _________ details (some very elaborate) - Children are _________ – and testifying incredible stressful

- confabulated | - vulnerable

In CSA cases – testimony is crucial to _________ – but investigators need to be cautious -Children can be effective legal participants but care must be taken when interviewing/administering a _________ (even more than with adults

- conviction | - lineup

In CSA cases – testimony is crucial to conviction – but investigators need to be cautious -Children can be effective legal participants but care must be taken when _________/administering a lineup (even more than with adults

interviewing