Exam 1 - Lecture's 1-4 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Legal & Forensic Psychology -

__________ – typically associated with the non-clinical application of psychology & law (applied psychology)

Legal

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Legal & Forensic Psychology -

__________ – typically associated with clinical applications of psychology & law

Forensic

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-WHO-

__________
Father of Applied & Forensic Psychology

Hugo Münsterberg

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-WHO-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Known for his book On the Witness Stand
Fallibility of Eyewitness testimony
Pitfalls of jury decision making
Coercive interrogations &amp; False Confession

Hugo Münsterberg

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-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles-

Society is always changing – the law should be regularly __________ to ensure it serves society

reexamined

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-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles-

Law is a means to __________ ends, not an end in itself (the law is meant to help society)

social

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-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles=

Laws must be evaluated in terms of its effects on society (e.g. __________ )

recidivism

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -

Landmark Supreme court decision – ending __________ in schools

First time social science was used in American courts explicitly

Opened the doors for social science in the __________ system

segregation

- legal

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -

Landmark Supreme court decision – ending segregation in schools

First time __________ was used in American courts explicitly

Opened the doors for social science in the legal system

social science

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Lineup Fairness-

The __________ shouldn’t stand out
Fillers (foils) should all be equally good alternatives to the __________ .

suspect

- suspect

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__________ – the innocent person added to a lineup

Filler (foils)

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__________ -

The suspect or culprit who is know or suspected to be the perpetrator in a lineup

Target

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__________-

Foils who are known to not be suspects/perpetrators/targets

Filler

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__________-

Lineups in which the target is included

Target Present

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__________-

Lineups in which the target is NOT included

Target Absent

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__________ -

Lineup construction selects fillers based on visual match to the Target – match to photo

Match to Target

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Match to Target

Lineup construction selects fillers based on visual match to the Target – match to __________

photo

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__________
Lineup construction selects fillers based on a match to a witness description (blind to actual suspect appearance) – match to verbal description

Match to Description

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Match to Description
Lineup construction selects fillers based on a match to a witness description (blind to actual suspect appearance) – match to __________

verbal description

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__________-

A procedure using random people who’ve never actually seen the suspect/crime who try to pick out the target

Mock Witness Paradigm

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Mock Witness Paradigm

A procedure using random people who’ve never actually seen the suspect/crime who try to pick out the __________

target

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Target Present-

__________ (selecting the target)
False Alarm Rate (select an innocent)
False Rejection Rate (select no one even though target was there)

Hit Rate

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Target Present-

Hit Rate (selecting the target)
__________ (select an innocent)
False Rejection Rate (select no one even though target was there)

False Alarm Rate

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Target Present-

Hit Rate (selecting the target)
False Alarm Rate (select an innocent)
__________ (select no one even though target was there)

False Rejection Rate

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Target Absent | False Identification Rate/Correct __________ Rate

Rejection

__________ : look for information that confirms our beliefs and reject information that goes against our beliefs

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias: look for information that confirms our beliefs and reject information that goes __________ our beliefs

against

Police may overlook other information if an eyewitness identifies someone from __________

lineup

Eyewitnesses may feel __________ from police to make an ID

pressure

Eyewitnesses may feel pressure from police to make an ID Poor memory Forced choosing __________ (eyewitnesses expect the bad guy to be in lineup)

Expectation effects

Eyewitness variables- __________ Variables - -Variables related to and controlled by the CJ system (e.g., lineup instructions, construction, feedback, etc.)

System

Eyewitness variables- System Variables - -Variables related to and controlled by the CJ system (e.g., __________ , construction, __________, etc.)

- lineup instructions | - feedback

Eyewitness variables- __________ Variables- Variables related to the crime/event being encoded (e.g., Stress, perpetrator race, time, etc.)

Estimator

Eyewitness variables- Estimator Variables- Variables related to the crime/event being encoded (e.g., __________, perpetrator race, __________, etc.)

- Stress | - time

__________ variables - Anything that law enforcement can have control over – retrieval based, remembering things about the past

System

System variables - Anything that law enforcement can have control over – __________, remembering things about the past

retrieval based

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more) - __________ (encoding time, viewing conditions, delay) - Stress/Arousal - __________ effects - Weapon focus - Memory Conformity (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)

- Basics | - Race

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more) - Basics (encoding time, viewing conditions, delay) - __________/Arousal - Race effects - __________ focus - Memory Conformity (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)

- Stress | - Weapon

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more) - Basics ( __________ time, __________ conditions, delay) - Stress/Arousal - Race effects - Weapon focus - Memory __________ (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)

- encoding - viewing - Conformity

Major SYSTEM variables - Lineup type - __________ & Confidence - Instruction

-Feedback

Major SYSTEM variables - __________ type - Feedback & Confidence - __________

- Lineup | - Instruction

__________ – activation of the sympathetic nervous system, (fight or flight response).

Arousal

__________ – Arousal that is interfering with an individual’s cognitive function

Stress

__________ - Performance increases with physiological or cognitive arousal – but ONLY to a point, after which arousal levels will become too high and performance decreases

Yerkes Dodson law

Yerkes Dodson law- Performance increases with physiological or cognitive __________ – but ONLY to a point, after which arousal levels will become too high and performance __________

- arousal | - decreases

Yerkes Dodson law- Performance increases with physiological or cognitive arousal – but ONLY to a point, after which __________ levels will become too high and performance decreases

arousal

Morgan et al. High stress = Higher __________ rate

False ID

__________ - Powerful effect in which individuals are better at recognizing members of their own race or group than members of other races or groups.

Cross Race Effect

Cross Race Effect - Powerful effect in which individuals are better at recognizing members of their own race or group than members of __________ races or groups.

other

We are not able to use __________ processing (perceptual expertise) in cross race identification

Holistic

Weapon Focus Effect- Arousal/threat hypothesis- - Weapons = __________ arousal - Increased arousal/threat = poor __________ performance

- increased | - memory

Lineup alternatives- __________ - A lineup procedure in which all lineup members are viewed at the same time. Most commonly used lineup procedure in the US.

Simultaneous

Lineup alternatives- __________ - Procedure in which lineup members are presented one at a time, forcing witnesses to independently accept or reject lineup members before moving to the next. --Most sequential lineups have the first several members purposefully be foils

Sequential

Lineup alternatives- __________ - Procedure in which a potential suspect is shown to a witness, and witnesses must make a single decision whether or not they match their memory for the perpetrator

Show-up

__________ Judgement- - Memory for target is made comparatively based on each face to each other and back to memory - -Argued to be associated with Simultaneous lineup

Relative

__________ Judgement- - Memory is made only from a single face to memory (no between lineup member comparisons) - -Argued to be associated with Sequential Lineup

Absolute

Malpass & Devine First major experiment examining __________ instructions

biased

__________ - Individuals change from time of encoding to time of retrieval (lineup) - skin pigmentation - hair style - weight gain/loss

Appearance Change Instruction (ACI)

The Biggers Criteria Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications: - __________ paid to the perp - Accuracy of witness description - Clarity of witness’s view - Witness Certainty of identification decision - Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup __________

- Attention | - identification

The Biggers Criteria Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications: - Attention paid to the perp - __________ of witness description - Clarity of witness’s view - Witness __________ of identification decision - Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup identification

- Accuracy | - Certainty

The __________ Criteria Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications: - Attention paid to the perp - Accuracy of witness description - Clarity of witness’s __________ - Witness Certainty of identification decision - Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup identification

- Biggers | - view

The Biggers Criteria Neil vs. Biggers (1972) __________ of identification decision changes jurors opinion

Confidence

Bradfield & Wells (2000) ** __________ – manipulating certainty affected perceptions of the other criteria

Certainty

__________ questions: “What he black or Hispanic?”

Option posing

Dinges et al., 1992 -hypnosis -Found effects of Hypermnesia Found no evidence of enhanced retrieval compared to __________ waking conditions

normal

Hypnosis = highly suggestible state - Not a reliable method of enhancing __________ - IS a reliable method of creating and strengthening __________ Memory

- retrieval | - FALSE

Why does false memory occur? __________ - - A metacognitive monitoring process (works via the central executive in WM) - Evaluates memories retrieved from LTM in WM

Source Monitoring

Why does false memory occur? Source Monitoring- - A metacognitive monitoring process (works via the central executive in WM) - Evaluates memories retrieved from __________ in WM

LTM

What does work for interviews? __________ questions

Open-ended

__________ Interview - Currently the best supported Forensic interviewing technique

Cognitive

Cognitive Interview - Step 1 - Introduction - __________ building - -Establish a connection with the other person -Establish __________ --Witness is the “boss” you’re their “secretary” They’re the “expert” - Model detailed response - Provide Instructions

- Rapport | - Relationship

Cognitive Interview - Step 2 – Initial Free Recall - Ask initial __________ ended question - Specify desired time frame - Let witness speak and direct memory - NO __________

- open | - INTERRUPTIONS

Cognitive Interview - Step 3 – Follow-up Free Recall - Close __________ - Context Reinstatement - Encoding specificity/state dependent memory - Novel Perspective - Reverse __________ (or other order) - Use of a Sketch

- eyes | - Order

Cognitive Interview - Step 4 – Fill in the __________ - Proceed when no new information can be gathered from free recall - What has the witness not told you? - Use more specific open ended questions - Follow up with direct close ended as needed Step 5 – __________ out the interview

- Gaps | - Close

Limitations of Cognitive Interview - - Requires witness __________ - Takes much longer to conduct than a standard forensic interview - Requires significant __________ and Practice

- cooperation | - training