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Forensic & Legal Psychology 400 > Exam 1 - Lecture's 1-4 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Lecture's 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Legal & Forensic Psychology -

__________ – typically associated with the non-clinical application of psychology & law (applied psychology)

A

Legal

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2
Q

Legal & Forensic Psychology -

__________ – typically associated with clinical applications of psychology & law

A

Forensic

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3
Q

-WHO-

__________
Father of Applied & Forensic Psychology

A

Hugo Münsterberg

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4
Q

-WHO-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Known for his book On the Witness Stand
Fallibility of Eyewitness testimony
Pitfalls of jury decision making
Coercive interrogations & False Confession
A

Hugo Münsterberg

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5
Q

-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles-

Society is always changing – the law should be regularly __________ to ensure it serves society

A

reexamined

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6
Q

-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles-

Law is a means to __________ ends, not an end in itself (the law is meant to help society)

A

social

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7
Q

-Legal Realist Movement-

Fundamental Principles=

Laws must be evaluated in terms of its effects on society (e.g. __________ )

A

recidivism

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8
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -

Landmark Supreme court decision – ending __________ in schools

First time social science was used in American courts explicitly

Opened the doors for social science in the __________ system

A
  • segregation

- legal

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9
Q

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) -

Landmark Supreme court decision – ending segregation in schools

First time __________ was used in American courts explicitly

Opened the doors for social science in the legal system

A

social science

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10
Q

Lineup Fairness-

  1. The __________ shouldn’t stand out
  2. Fillers (foils) should all be equally good alternatives to the __________ .
A
  • suspect

- suspect

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11
Q

__________ – the innocent person added to a lineup

A

Filler (foils)

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12
Q

__________ -

The suspect or culprit who is know or suspected to be the perpetrator in a lineup

A

Target

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13
Q

__________-

Foils who are known to not be suspects/perpetrators/targets

A

Filler

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14
Q

__________-

Lineups in which the target is included

A

Target Present

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15
Q

__________-

Lineups in which the target is NOT included

A

Target Absent

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16
Q

__________ -

Lineup construction selects fillers based on visual match to the Target – match to photo

A

Match to Target

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17
Q

Match to Target

Lineup construction selects fillers based on visual match to the Target – match to __________

A

photo

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18
Q

__________
Lineup construction selects fillers based on a match to a witness description (blind to actual suspect appearance) – match to verbal description

A

Match to Description

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19
Q

Match to Description
Lineup construction selects fillers based on a match to a witness description (blind to actual suspect appearance) – match to __________

A

verbal description

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20
Q

__________-

A procedure using random people who’ve never actually seen the suspect/crime who try to pick out the target

A

Mock Witness Paradigm

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21
Q

Mock Witness Paradigm

A procedure using random people who’ve never actually seen the suspect/crime who try to pick out the __________

A

target

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22
Q

Target Present-

  • __________ (selecting the target)
  • False Alarm Rate (select an innocent)
  • False Rejection Rate (select no one even though target was there)
A

Hit Rate

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23
Q

Target Present-

  • Hit Rate (selecting the target)
  • __________ (select an innocent)
  • False Rejection Rate (select no one even though target was there)
A

False Alarm Rate

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24
Q

Target Present-

  • Hit Rate (selecting the target)
  • False Alarm Rate (select an innocent)
  • __________ (select no one even though target was there)
A

False Rejection Rate

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25
Q

Target Absent

False Identification Rate/Correct __________ Rate

A

Rejection

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26
Q

__________ : look for information that confirms our beliefs and reject information that goes against our beliefs

A

Confirmation Bias

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27
Q

Confirmation Bias: look for information that confirms our beliefs and reject information that goes __________ our beliefs

A

against

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28
Q

Police may overlook other information if an eyewitness identifies someone from __________

A

lineup

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29
Q

Eyewitnesses may feel __________ from police to make an ID

A

pressure

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30
Q

Eyewitnesses may feel pressure from police to make an ID

Poor memory
Forced choosing
__________ (eyewitnesses expect the bad guy to be in lineup)

A

Expectation effects

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31
Q

Eyewitness variables-

__________ Variables -
-Variables related to and controlled by the CJ system (e.g., lineup instructions, construction, feedback, etc.)

A

System

32
Q

Eyewitness variables-

System Variables -
-Variables related to and controlled by the CJ system (e.g., __________ , construction, __________, etc.)

A
  • lineup instructions

- feedback

33
Q

Eyewitness variables-

__________ Variables-
Variables related to the crime/event being encoded (e.g., Stress, perpetrator race, time, etc.)

A

Estimator

34
Q

Eyewitness variables-

Estimator Variables-
Variables related to the crime/event being encoded (e.g., __________, perpetrator race, __________, etc.)

A
  • Stress

- time

35
Q

__________ variables - Anything that law enforcement can have control over – retrieval based, remembering things about the past

A

System

36
Q

System variables - Anything that law enforcement can have control over – __________, remembering things about the past

A

retrieval based

37
Q

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more)

  • __________ (encoding time, viewing conditions, delay)
  • Stress/Arousal
  • __________ effects
  • Weapon focus
  • Memory Conformity (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)
A
  • Basics

- Race

38
Q

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more)

  • Basics (encoding time, viewing conditions, delay)
  • __________/Arousal
  • Race effects
  • __________ focus
  • Memory Conformity (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)
A
  • Stress

- Weapon

39
Q

Major ESTIMATOR variables today (remember there are many more)

  • Basics ( __________ time, __________ conditions, delay)
  • Stress/Arousal
  • Race effects
  • Weapon focus
  • Memory __________ (multiple witnesses talk to each other which ultimately affects their memory)
A
  • encoding
  • viewing
  • Conformity
40
Q

Major SYSTEM variables

  • Lineup type
  • __________ & Confidence
  • Instruction
A

-Feedback

41
Q

Major SYSTEM variables

  • __________ type
  • Feedback & Confidence
  • __________
A
  • Lineup

- Instruction

42
Q

__________ – activation of the sympathetic nervous system, (fight or flight response).

A

Arousal

43
Q

__________ – Arousal that is interfering with an individual’s cognitive function

A

Stress

44
Q

__________ -

Performance increases with physiological or cognitive arousal – but ONLY to a point, after which arousal levels will become too high and performance decreases

A

Yerkes Dodson law

45
Q

Yerkes Dodson law-

Performance increases with physiological or cognitive __________ – but ONLY to a point, after which arousal levels will become too high and performance __________

A
  • arousal

- decreases

46
Q

Yerkes Dodson law-

Performance increases with physiological or cognitive arousal – but ONLY to a point, after which __________ levels will become too high and performance decreases

A

arousal

47
Q

Morgan et al.

High stress = Higher __________ rate

A

False ID

48
Q

__________ -
Powerful effect in which individuals are better at recognizing members of their own race or group than members of other races or groups.

A

Cross Race Effect

49
Q

Cross Race Effect -
Powerful effect in which individuals are better at recognizing members of their own race or group than members of __________ races or groups.

A

other

50
Q

We are not able to use __________ processing (perceptual expertise) in cross race identification

A

Holistic

51
Q

Weapon Focus Effect-

Arousal/threat hypothesis-

  • Weapons = __________ arousal
  • Increased arousal/threat = poor __________ performance
A
  • increased

- memory

52
Q

Lineup alternatives-

__________ -
A lineup procedure in which all lineup members are viewed at the same time. Most commonly used lineup procedure in the US.

A

Simultaneous

53
Q

Lineup alternatives-

__________ -
Procedure in which lineup members are presented one at a time, forcing witnesses to independently accept or reject lineup members before moving to the next.
–Most sequential lineups have the first several members purposefully be foils

A

Sequential

54
Q

Lineup alternatives-

__________ -
Procedure in which a potential suspect is shown to a witness, and witnesses must make a single decision whether or not they match their memory for the perpetrator

A

Show-up

55
Q

__________ Judgement-

  • Memory for target is made comparatively based on each face to each other and back to memory
  • -Argued to be associated with Simultaneous lineup
A

Relative

56
Q

__________ Judgement-

  • Memory is made only from a single face to memory (no between lineup member comparisons)
  • -Argued to be associated with Sequential Lineup
A

Absolute

57
Q

Malpass & Devine

First major experiment examining __________ instructions

A

biased

58
Q

__________ -

Individuals change from time of encoding to time of retrieval (lineup)

  • skin pigmentation
  • hair style
  • weight gain/loss
A

Appearance Change Instruction (ACI)

59
Q

The Biggers Criteria

Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications:

  • __________ paid to the perp
  • Accuracy of witness description
  • Clarity of witness’s view
  • Witness Certainty of identification decision
  • Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup __________
A
  • Attention

- identification

60
Q

The Biggers Criteria

Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications:

  • Attention paid to the perp
  • __________ of witness description
  • Clarity of witness’s view
  • Witness __________ of identification decision
  • Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup identification
A
  • Accuracy

- Certainty

61
Q

The __________ Criteria

Five Criteria to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications:

  • Attention paid to the perp
  • Accuracy of witness description
  • Clarity of witness’s __________
  • Witness Certainty of identification decision
  • Amount of time elapsed between crime event and lineup identification
A
  • Biggers

- view

62
Q

The Biggers Criteria
Neil vs. Biggers (1972)

__________ of identification decision changes jurors opinion

A

Confidence

63
Q

Bradfield & Wells (2000)

** __________ – manipulating certainty affected perceptions of the other criteria

A

Certainty

64
Q

__________ questions: “What he black or Hispanic?”

A

Option posing

65
Q

Dinges et al., 1992

-hypnosis -Found effects of Hypermnesia

Found no evidence of enhanced retrieval compared to __________ waking conditions

A

normal

66
Q

Hypnosis = highly suggestible state

  • Not a reliable method of enhancing __________
  • IS a reliable method of creating and strengthening __________ Memory
A
  • retrieval

- FALSE

67
Q

Why does false memory occur?

__________ -

  • A metacognitive monitoring process (works via the central executive in WM)
  • Evaluates memories retrieved from LTM in WM
A

Source Monitoring

68
Q

Why does false memory occur?

Source Monitoring-

  • A metacognitive monitoring process (works via the central executive in WM)
  • Evaluates memories retrieved from __________ in WM
A

LTM

69
Q

What does work for interviews?

__________ questions

A

Open-ended

70
Q

__________ Interview -

Currently the best supported Forensic interviewing technique

A

Cognitive

71
Q

Cognitive Interview -

Step 1 - Introduction

  • __________ building
  • -Establish a connection with the other person

-Establish __________
–Witness is the “boss” you’re their “secretary”
They’re the “expert”

  • Model detailed response
  • Provide Instructions
A
  • Rapport

- Relationship

72
Q

Cognitive Interview -

Step 2 – Initial Free Recall

  • Ask initial __________ ended question
  • Specify desired time frame
  • Let witness speak and direct memory
  • NO __________
A
  • open

- INTERRUPTIONS

73
Q

Cognitive Interview -

Step 3 – Follow-up Free Recall

  • Close __________
  • Context Reinstatement
  • Encoding specificity/state dependent memory
  • Novel Perspective
  • Reverse __________ (or other order)
  • Use of a Sketch
A
  • eyes

- Order

74
Q

Cognitive Interview -

Step 4 – Fill in the __________

  • Proceed when no new information can be gathered from free recall
  • What has the witness not told you?
  • Use more specific open ended questions
  • Follow up with direct close ended as needed

Step 5 – __________ out the interview

A
  • Gaps

- Close

75
Q

Limitations of Cognitive Interview -

  • Requires witness __________
  • Takes much longer to conduct than a standard forensic interview
  • Requires significant __________ and Practice
A
  • cooperation

- training

Forensic & Legal Psychology 400 (18 decks)

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