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Forensic & Legal Psychology 400 > Exam 1 - Lecture's 5-8 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Lecture's 5-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Miranda v. Arizona (1966):
Confessions obtained w/out suspects being informed of their legal rights to counsel & to remain silent are __________

A

inadmissible

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2
Q

Miranda Rights-

  1. Suspects must be warned they can remain silent
    - Anything they say may be __________ against them
    - They have the right to have a lawyer present during __________
    - A lawyer will be appointed if they cannot __________ one
A
  • used
  • questioning
  • afford
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3
Q

Miranda Rights-

  1. If suspect waives right to counsel and later changes his mind, all questioning must stop until __________ arrives (or until accused starts talking again)
A

lawyer

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4
Q

Miranda Rights-

  1. If suspect waives right to counsel and then confesses, prosecution must show that suspect knew what he was doing when his rights were __________
A

waived

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5
Q

Miranda Rights-

Only 20% choose to __________ MR
80% waive these rights (talk __________ to without attorney)

A
  • exercise

- freely

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6
Q

Why do false confessions happen?

__________- (we want to confirm our pre-existing beliefs)
-Coercive Interrogation __________

A
  • Confirmation Bias

- tactics

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7
Q

Kassin and Kiechel (1996)

1st laboratory paradigm to examine __________ confessions

A

false

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8
Q

Risk Factors for False Confession-

  • Situational
  • __________ (about the person involved)
  • Innocence
  • Focus on Proximal vs. Distal __________
A
  • Dispositional

- Consequences

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9
Q

Risk Factors for False Confession-

  • __________
  • Dispositional (about the person involved)
  • __________
  • Focus on Proximal vs. Distal Consequences
A
  • Situational

- Innocence

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10
Q

__________ Risk Factors for False Confessions-

  • Physical Custody and Isolation
  • Length of Interrogation
  • Tactics (again more on these next class)
A

Situational

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11
Q

__________ Risk Factors for False Confessions-

  • Adolescence & immaturity
  • Cognitive & Intellectual Disabilities
  • Personality & Psychopathology
A

Dispositional

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12
Q

Innocence as a Risk Factor

  • Innocent subjects more likely to __________ (81% compared to 31% of guilty subjects)
  • Most agreed to sign a confession
A

talk

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13
Q

Innocence as a Risk Factor

Illusion of transparency
-Tendency for people to over estimate the extent to which their cognitions, emotions, and other inner states are __________ by others

A

observable

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14
Q

Innocence as a Risk Factor

Innocent suspects – more likely to waive __________, more likely to talk to police, more likely speak without an __________ present

A
  • Miranda

- attorney

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15
Q

Innocent suspects – Think the obviousness of their __________ will be evident but usually is not

A

transparency

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16
Q

Proximal vs. Distal Consequences

*when conditions were reversed participants still agreed to avoid __________ consequences

A

immediate

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17
Q

Types of False Confessions-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ False Confessions:
Desire for notoriety – John Mark Karr
Mental illness
Protecting real criminal 
Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
A

Voluntary

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18
Q

Types of False Confessions-

__________ False Confessions:
Know they are innocent so jury won’t convict
Confess to escape interrogation
Gain promised rewards (go home)
Short-term benefits outweigh long-term costs

A

Coerced-Compliant

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19
Q

Types of False Confessions-

__________ False Confession:
Person actually comes to believe that they committed crime
Paul Ingram; Michael Crowe

A

Coerced-Internalized

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20
Q

How Jurors Evaluate Confession Evidence

People do not confess to __________ they did not commit

A

crimes

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21
Q

Modern Interrogation-

__________-
Involves 9 step technique that represents the general flow of many interrogations.

A

Reid technique

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22
Q

Modern Interrogation-

Reid technique-
Includes 4 psychologically powerful strategies
-Loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Social isolation
-Certainty of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Exculpatory scenarios
A
  • control

- guilt

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23
Q

Modern Interrogation-

Reid technique-
Includes 4 psychologically powerful strategies
-Loss of control
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ isolation
-Certainty of guilt
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ scenarios
A
  • Social

- Exculpatory

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24
Q

Reid Technique-

  • based on manual Criminal Interrogation & Confessions
  • Suggest use of tricks & __________ to extract confessions
  • Isolation, maximization and minimization leading to written __________
A
  • lies

- confession

25
Q

Reid Technique-

__________ : emphasizing strength of evidence against suspect. Use of intimidation and scare tactics.

A

Maximization

26
Q

Reid Technique-

Maximization: emphasizing strength of evidence against suspect. Use of __________ and scare tactics.

A

-intimidation

27
Q

Reid Technique-

__________ : crimes were understandable and justifiable. Blame victim or others, face saving excuses.

A

Minimization

28
Q

Reid Technique-

Minimization: crimes were understandable and justifiable. Blame __________ or others, face saving excuses.

A

-victim

29
Q

Reid Technique-

Physical intimidation/brutality is virtually non-existent

Replaced by __________ coercion

A

psychological

30
Q

Reid Technique-

  • Recommend use of a small, bare, soundproof __________
  • Social isolation & sensory __________ (no way out except to confess)
  • Use uncomfortable __________
  • Told to invade suspects personal space
A
  • room
  • deprivation
  • chair
31
Q

Interrogations in the UK-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  Model
P – Preparation & Planning
E – Engage and Explain (rapport building)
A – Account:
Cognitive Interview
Conversation Management
C – Closure (end the interview)
E – Evaluate
-Non-accusatory \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ finding interview
A
  • PEACE

- fact

32
Q

Interrogations in the UK-

PIP – __________ Interviewing Programme
Tier 1 – Entry level for basic recruits
Tier 2 – Experienced police dealing with more serious offenses
Tier 3 – Identified Specialist Interviewers – taught new techniques in serious crimes/cases
Tier 4 – Managers and supervisors
Tier 5 – Interview Managers/Coordinators

A

Professionalizing

33
Q

Scharff Technique

__________ Tactics
“I will not tell very much”
“I’ll try to figure out what the interrogator is after and withhold that information”
“It is meaningless to hold back what they already know”

A

Counter-Interrogation

34
Q

__________ -

Interrogator for Nazi Germany in WW2
Four Key Components
-Friendly approach
-NOT pressing for info
-Illusion of knowing all
-Confirmation/disconfi-rmation tactic
-Ignore new information – downplay it as unimportant
A

Hans Scharff

35
Q

__________ Interrogations

Change in focus from “getting confession”
--Instead focus = gather information
Primary Aspects
--Rapport & Relationship building
--Collaboration
--Non-coercive presentation of evidence 
--Information gathering approach
--Positive Confrontation
A

Human intelligence

36
Q

__________ Marston (1917) developed lie detector

A

Moulton

37
Q

__________ (1932) created “polygraph”

A

Larson

38
Q

Guilty Knowledge Test

People more physiologically aroused when perceiving meaningful __________ (orienting response)

A

stimuli

39
Q

Validity of Polygraph Procedures

Overall accuracy rates of ___% or better

A

65

40
Q

The problem with the Arousal Theory

Just because someone is aroused, emotional, or afraid it doesn’t mean they are __________

A

lying

41
Q

So how good are people at detecting lies?

Overall average = ___% accuracy rate
Lie detection accuracy = ___%
Truth detection accuracy = 61%

A
  • 54

- 47

42
Q

__________ less positive and pleasant than truthers

A

liars

43
Q

liars are more likely to complain, less pleasant, and far less __________ .

A

cooperative

44
Q

Liars were less likely to admit to a memory __________ and less likely to make __________

A
  • failure

- corrections

45
Q

DePaulo et al., Main points

  • Cues to deception are very __________
  • Cues may be indicative of other cognitive __________/states
  • Verbal cues – impressions of verbal states typically more predictive than non-verbal cues
A
  • subtle

- processes

46
Q

DePaulo et al., Main points

  • Cues to deception are very subtle
  • Cues may be indicative of other cognitive processes/states
  • Verbal cues – impressions of verbal states typically more __________ than non-verbal cues
A

-predictive

47
Q

Cognitive Theory of Deception

Truth telling = __________ process
Lying = partially memory, largely based on __________

A
  • memory

- scripts

48
Q

Cognitive Theory of Deception

Lying -

  • involves metacognitive monitoring own behavior for “__________ ” and receiver behavior for believability
  • More cognitively __________ = involves more cognitive processes
A
  • leakage

- demanding

49
Q

Lying is largely a __________ process (meta-cognitive process - thinking about thinking)

A

meta-cognitive

50
Q

Vrij et al., 2008

Accuracy rates at telling if individuals were lying or telling the truth magnified
58% accuracy rate in __________ order condition
46% accuracy rate in __________ order condition

A
  • reverse

- normal

51
Q

Information gathering elicits more cues to__________

A

deception

52
Q

__________ : Strategic Use of Evidence

A

SUE

53
Q

SUE technique

Basic strategy:

  • Use __________ ended questions
  • Follow up with a __________ question
A
  • open

- specific

54
Q

SUE technique

Liars vs. Truthers
Truthers likely to mention driving without being __________ in open ended response
Liars likely to not mention the details about the __________

A
  • prompted

- car

55
Q

Guilty suspects contradicted the evidence more often than did innocent suspects, particularly when questioned by __________ –trained interviewers.

A

SUE

56
Q

Liars produced more __________ emotion words (more defensive words as well)

A

negative

57
Q

Liars __________ themselves from their lies

A

distance

58
Q

Liars used fewer words talking about their __________ cognitive processes

A

internal

59
Q

Liars distance themselves from their lies

Fewer self-references (fewer __________ pronouns)

A

first person

Forensic & Legal Psychology 400 (18 decks)

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