Exam 1 - Lecture's 5-8 Flashcards by Ryan Clark

Miranda v. Arizona (1966):
Confessions obtained w/out suspects being informed of their legal rights to counsel & to remain silent are __________

inadmissible

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Miranda Rights-

Suspects must be warned they can remain silent
- Anything they say may be __________ against them
- They have the right to have a lawyer present during __________
- A lawyer will be appointed if they cannot __________ one

used
questioning
afford

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Miranda Rights-

If suspect waives right to counsel and later changes his mind, all questioning must stop until __________ arrives (or until accused starts talking again)

lawyer

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Miranda Rights-

If suspect waives right to counsel and then confesses, prosecution must show that suspect knew what he was doing when his rights were __________

waived

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Miranda Rights-

Only 20% choose to __________ MR
80% waive these rights (talk __________ to without attorney)

exercise

- freely

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Why do false confessions happen?

__________- (we want to confirm our pre-existing beliefs)
-Coercive Interrogation __________

Confirmation Bias

- tactics

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Kassin and Kiechel (1996)

1st laboratory paradigm to examine __________ confessions

false

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Risk Factors for False Confession-

Situational
__________ (about the person involved)
Innocence
Focus on Proximal vs. Distal __________

Dispositional

- Consequences

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Risk Factors for False Confession-

__________
Dispositional (about the person involved)
__________
Focus on Proximal vs. Distal Consequences

Situational

- Innocence

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__________ Risk Factors for False Confessions-

Physical Custody and Isolation
Length of Interrogation
Tactics (again more on these next class)

Situational

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__________ Risk Factors for False Confessions-

Adolescence & immaturity
Cognitive & Intellectual Disabilities
Personality & Psychopathology

Dispositional

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Innocence as a Risk Factor

Innocent subjects more likely to __________ (81% compared to 31% of guilty subjects)
Most agreed to sign a confession

talk

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Innocence as a Risk Factor

Illusion of transparency
-Tendency for people to over estimate the extent to which their cognitions, emotions, and other inner states are __________ by others

observable

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Innocence as a Risk Factor

Innocent suspects – more likely to waive __________, more likely to talk to police, more likely speak without an __________ present

Miranda

- attorney

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Innocent suspects – Think the obviousness of their __________ will be evident but usually is not

transparency

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Proximal vs. Distal Consequences

*when conditions were reversed participants still agreed to avoid __________ consequences

immediate

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Types of False Confessions-

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ False Confessions:
Desire for notoriety – John Mark Karr
Mental illness
Protecting real criminal 
Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy

Voluntary

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Types of False Confessions-

__________ False Confessions:
Know they are innocent so jury won’t convict
Confess to escape interrogation
Gain promised rewards (go home)
Short-term benefits outweigh long-term costs

Coerced-Compliant

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Types of False Confessions-

__________ False Confession:
Person actually comes to believe that they committed crime
Paul Ingram; Michael Crowe

Coerced-Internalized

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How Jurors Evaluate Confession Evidence

People do not confess to __________ they did not commit

crimes

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Modern Interrogation-

__________-
Involves 9 step technique that represents the general flow of many interrogations.

Reid technique

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Modern Interrogation-

Reid technique-
Includes 4 psychologically powerful strategies
-Loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Social isolation
-Certainty of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
-Exculpatory scenarios

control

- guilt

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Modern Interrogation-

Reid technique-
Includes 4 psychologically powerful strategies
-Loss of control
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ isolation
-Certainty of guilt
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ scenarios

Social

- Exculpatory

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Reid Technique-

based on manual Criminal Interrogation & Confessions
Suggest use of tricks & __________ to extract confessions
Isolation, maximization and minimization leading to written __________

lies

- confession

Reid Technique- __________ : emphasizing strength of evidence against suspect. Use of intimidation and scare tactics.

Maximization

Reid Technique- Maximization: emphasizing strength of evidence against suspect. Use of __________ and scare tactics.

-intimidation

Reid Technique- __________ : crimes were understandable and justifiable. Blame victim or others, face saving excuses.

Minimization

Reid Technique- Minimization: crimes were understandable and justifiable. Blame __________ or others, face saving excuses.

-victim

Reid Technique- Physical intimidation/brutality is virtually non-existent Replaced by __________ coercion

psychological

Reid Technique- - Recommend use of a small, bare, soundproof __________ - Social isolation & sensory __________ (no way out except to confess) - Use uncomfortable __________ - Told to invade suspects personal space

- room - deprivation - chair

Interrogations in the UK- ``` __________ Model P – Preparation & Planning E – Engage and Explain (rapport building) A – Account: Cognitive Interview Conversation Management C – Closure (end the interview) E – Evaluate -Non-accusatory __________ finding interview ```

- PEACE | - fact

Interrogations in the UK- PIP – __________ Interviewing Programme Tier 1 – Entry level for basic recruits Tier 2 – Experienced police dealing with more serious offenses Tier 3 – Identified Specialist Interviewers – taught new techniques in serious crimes/cases Tier 4 – Managers and supervisors Tier 5 – Interview Managers/Coordinators

Professionalizing

Scharff Technique __________ Tactics “I will not tell very much” “I’ll try to figure out what the interrogator is after and withhold that information” “It is meaningless to hold back what they already know”

Counter-Interrogation

__________ - ``` Interrogator for Nazi Germany in WW2 Four Key Components -Friendly approach -NOT pressing for info -Illusion of knowing all -Confirmation/disconfi-rmation tactic -Ignore new information – downplay it as unimportant ```

Hans Scharff

__________ Interrogations ``` Change in focus from “getting confession” --Instead focus = gather information Primary Aspects --Rapport & Relationship building --Collaboration --Non-coercive presentation of evidence --Information gathering approach --Positive Confrontation ```

Human intelligence

__________ Marston (1917) developed lie detector

Moulton

__________ (1932) created “polygraph”

Larson

Guilty Knowledge Test People more physiologically aroused when perceiving meaningful __________ (orienting response)

stimuli

Validity of Polygraph Procedures Overall accuracy rates of ___% or better

The problem with the Arousal Theory Just because someone is aroused, emotional, or afraid it doesn’t mean they are __________

lying

So how good are people at detecting lies? Overall average = ___% accuracy rate Lie detection accuracy = ___% Truth detection accuracy = 61%

- 54 | - 47

__________ less positive and pleasant than truthers

liars

liars are more likely to complain, less pleasant, and far less __________ .

cooperative

Liars were less likely to admit to a memory __________ and less likely to make __________

- failure | - corrections

DePaulo et al., Main points - Cues to deception are very __________ - Cues may be indicative of other cognitive __________/states - Verbal cues – impressions of verbal states typically more predictive than non-verbal cues

- subtle | - processes

DePaulo et al., Main points - Cues to deception are very subtle - Cues may be indicative of other cognitive processes/states - Verbal cues – impressions of verbal states typically more __________ than non-verbal cues

-predictive

Cognitive Theory of Deception Truth telling = __________ process Lying = partially memory, largely based on __________

- memory | - scripts

Cognitive Theory of Deception Lying - - involves metacognitive monitoring own behavior for “__________ ” and receiver behavior for believability - More cognitively __________ = involves more cognitive processes

- leakage | - demanding

Lying is largely a __________ process (meta-cognitive process - thinking about thinking)

meta-cognitive

Vrij et al., 2008 Accuracy rates at telling if individuals were lying or telling the truth magnified 58% accuracy rate in __________ order condition 46% accuracy rate in __________ order condition

- reverse | - normal

Information gathering elicits more cues to__________

deception

__________ : Strategic Use of Evidence

SUE

SUE technique Basic strategy: - Use __________ ended questions - Follow up with a __________ question

- open | - specific

SUE technique Liars vs. Truthers Truthers likely to mention driving without being __________ in open ended response Liars likely to not mention the details about the __________

- prompted | - car

Guilty suspects contradicted the evidence more often than did innocent suspects, particularly when questioned by __________ –trained interviewers.

SUE

Liars produced more __________ emotion words (more defensive words as well)

negative

Liars __________ themselves from their lies

distance

Liars used fewer words talking about their __________ cognitive processes

internal

Liars distance themselves from their lies Fewer self-references (fewer __________ pronouns)

first person