exam 2 chapter 9 Flashcards
anxiety
most common mental health concern in the US; costly and compromising for the individual and nation; includes a range of specific disorders; about 34% prevalence in the US
cognitive model
involved with examining how a person gets consumed with unwanted thoughts (preoccupations); often deviate from reality (“cognitive biases,” i.e. attentional)
cognitive-behavioral model
a “reciprocal relationship” between aspects of psychological functioning; integration of two schools of thought: (1) how we process anxiety-provoking stimuli, (2) how we behave in its presence (i.e. escape and avoid)
social cognitive theory (Bandura)
information learned through reciprocal interaction between individuals (fear may be learned through observation of others)
biological models of anxiety (4)
amygdala: threat detection; part of a broader “fear circuit”
“defensive survival circuit”: subcortical regions, including amygdala, that unconsciously mediate activation of the ANS (“fight or flight” response)
cognitive circuit: mediates emotional experience of fear and includes cortical regions
cortisol release
brain insular cortex
functions as a cortical hub involved in interoception, multimodal sensory processing, autonomic control, perceptual self-awareness, and emotional guidance of social behavior
evolutionary model (vulnerability-stress model)
susceptibility to excessive fear caused by hereditary trait (more likely to experience symptoms of disorder); could have evolved as a response to threats
separation anxiety disorder
developmentally inappropriate fear of being separated from important others; fear of harm for other or that they will not return; more common in children; more common in women than men; 1.2% 12-month prevalence
selective mutism
failure to speak in situations where one is expected to do so; functional interference that lasts one month or more; age of onset usually 2-5 years; more common in females; may be setting-dependent
specific phobia
fear of a specific situation or object (excessive fear); 12% 12-month prevalence; mean age of onset = 7 years; more common in women than men
social anxiety disorder
fear and avoidance of social situations specifically because of fear of negative evaluation or humiliation; 7% 12-month prevalence; onset in childhood or adolescence; more common in women than men
12-month prevalence vs point prevalence
12-month: the proportion of the population that has the disorder at any point during a 12-month interval
point prevalence: the proportion of a population that has the disorder at a specific point in time
panic disorder
sudden onset of psychological symptoms (i.e. rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, derealization) that peaks within minutes; recurrent and following a panic attack, etc.; 2.4% 12-month prevalence; more common in women in men; onset often in adulthood
agoraphobia
fear of situations in which a person may not be able to escape embarrassing or panic-like physiological symptoms; person avoids public places, only goes with a close other, or endures with high anxiety; 2% 12-month prevalence; onset in young adulthood; more common in women than men
generalized anxiety disorder (ICD: “free-floating anxiety”)
excessive worry about multiple themes for more days than not for at least 6 months, along with related physical symptoms (i.e. muscle tension); 4% lifetime prevalence; more common in women than men
obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsessions are repetitive, intrusive thoughts, doubts, ideas, or images that cause distress; compulsions are repetitive, ritualistic behaviors and thoughts that, at least temporarily, reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions (at least one hour per day); 1.2% 12-month prevalence; usually begins in early 20s
body dysmorphic disorder
preoccupation by perceived physical flaws that are minor or not visible to others; engagement in associated repetitive behaviors (i.e. checking mirrors); can rule out eating disorder; mean age of onset is 16; 2% point prevalence
hoarding disorder
significant difficulty in disposing of items, resulting in tremendous clutter, compromising living space; thoughts of throwing something out results in significant distress; 2-6% point prevalence
body-focused repetitive behavior
compulsive urges to pick, pull, or bite skin, hair, or nails; criteria includes visible damage and failed attempts to stop; onset early adolescence through adulthood; 1-2% prevalence
hypochondriasis
preoccupation with having or developing a significant illness or disease, resulting in anxiety that is out of proportions with available information; frequent trips to the medical office; more common in women than men; average age of onset in mid-50s
olfactory reference disorder
preoccupation with false belief that one emits a foul odor; self-conscious, checking, avoiding social situations; 1-2% prevalence
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT_
solid research support for children, adolescents, adults; common goal to alter “cognitive distortions;” includes “manualized interventions”
cognitive picture rehearsal (Groden)
a way of priming coping behavior, in anticipation of the occurrence of noxious circumstances
exposure therapy/exposure and response prevention
effective for specific phobia; develop a hierarchy of stressful stimuli that are approached in clinic and as homework; stimuli may be in vivo, imaginal, virtual, or real; ratings guide rate of progress
acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
evidence of effectiveness modest, but may be a good adjunct to CBT; mindfulness, altering one’s views, including judgment and values, accepting one’s emotions (even the distressing ones)
