exam 2 chapter 11 Flashcards
mood/affective disorders
mood shifts that compromise functioning to a significant degree; often episodic (cycle in and out of a person’s experiencing)
major depressive episode
onset typically gradual; depressed mood, loss of interest and pleasure in activities (anhedonia), weight changes, sleep changes, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, cognitive impairment, thoughts of death/suicidal ideation; symptoms not due to substance usage, medical condition, bereavement due to recent loss of a loved one; NO mania or hypomania; 7.1% (adults) or 11% (adolescents) 12-month prevalence; 16.6% (adults) or 7.5% (adolescents) lifetime prevalence
manic episode
has a relatively quick onset; elevated, expansive, irritable mood, accompanied by abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy; inflated self-esteem, sleeplessness, talkativeness, flight of ideas, distractibility, hyperactivity, reckless behavior; possible hypomanic episode or symptoms of major depression (“mixed features”)
hypomanic episode
a briefer, less severe manic episode
groups most at risk for major depression
Hispanic adolescents (especially girls); African-American and Hispanic adults; never-married, formally married adults; women; adolescent females
bipolar disorder (2)
1) depressive episodes and manic/hypomanic episodes
2) manic/hypomanic episodes without depressive episodes
bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2 disorder
bipolar 1: at least one manic episode and usually, but not necessarily, at least one depressive episode
bipolar 2: at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episode
cyclothymic disorder
bipolar spectrum; chronic condition; may never go a few months without a hypomanic or depressive phase; mild and persistent; becomes a way of life; moody, high-strung, hyperactive, explosive
dimensions of mood disorder (3)
psychotic (i.e. hallucinations, delusions, extreme withdrawal) vs non-psychotic, early vs late onset (earlier = poorer outcomes, greater comorbidity), endogenous (not liked to a stressful event, more biological) vs reactive (linked to an event)
interpersonal dynamics (3)
co-rumination (maladaptive social support), excessive reassurance seeking (may drive others away), negative feedback seeking (predictable, offering short-term comfort)
learned helplessness model (extinction)
if no matter what someone does, they cannot do something; lack of control
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
behavioral activation to change negative schemas; “reattribution training”
psychopharmacology
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)
electroconvulsive therapy
electrical shock administered directly to the brain, in some ways mimicking a seizure; may ameliorate severe depression; mechanisms poorly understood; side-effect-impaired memory