exam 2 chapter 10 Flashcards
trauma- and stressor-related disorders
new grouping of disorders in the DSM-5; etiology pairs the onset of the mental disorder with the presence of an external event
PTSD (per DSM-5)
exposure to a threatened death, serious injury, or sex violation; direct witnessing, experiencing, learning about a stressor (intrusions, avoidance, negative alteration of cognition and mood, arousal and reactivity); symptoms not attributable to substance or medical condition and persist for at least one month; 10.4% (women) and 6.8% (men) prevalence in US; high degree of co-occurrence
acute stress disorder (ASD)
diagnosed in first month, with symptoms persisting for at least 3 days; 9 of 14 symptoms and dissociative symptoms (depersonalization (detachment within the self) and derealization (feeling that surroundings are unreal or that you are disconnected from surroundings)); only half go on to receive PTSD diagnosis; viewed in ICD as a “problem” rather than a disorder
brain functioning in PTSD
increased amygdala activation; decreased medial prefrontal cortex activation; hippocampus associated with conditioned fear and associative learning; HPA axis (hypothalamus + pituitary + adrenal gland implicated in stress reaction and regulation of emotions (i.e. cortisol release))
memory processing models of PTSD (2)
1) contextual representations (flexible, consciously accessible, context-dependent)
2) sensory representations (inflexible, involuntary, disintegrated from broader memory, connected to amygdala and insula)
emotional processing models of PTSD
inability to integrate traumatic event into existing cognitive schema; pathological “fear structures”; unrealistic view of danger in the world
complex PTSD
repeated exposure to traumatic events; disrupts normal developmental attachment, cognitive, and emotional processes resulting in chronic deficits in interpersonal functioning and emotion regulation and increased dissociative experiences that are not observed in PTSD resulting from other types of trauma
