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Microbiology And Immunology > Exam 2- Ch 5,6,7,20 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Ch 5,6,7,20 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a fermentation test

A

A test medium containing protein, a single carbohydrate, a ph indicator and an inverted Durham tube which is used to capture gas

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1
Q

What is deamination

A

Removal of an amino group that is later converted to ammonium ion

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2
Q

What are photosystems

A

When chlorophyll and other pigments are packed into the thylakoids of chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is cyclic photo phosphorylation

A

Electron released from chlorophyll in photosystems 1 eventually returns to chlorophyll

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4
Q

What is noncyclic photophosphorylation

A

Electrons released from the chlorophyll in photosystems 2 and 1 don’t return to chlorophyll but instead become incorporated into nadph

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5
Q

What are phototrops

A

Use light as their primary energy source

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6
Q

What are chemotrophs

A

Depend on oxidation and reduction reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy

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7
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Self feeders

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8
Q

What are heterotrophs

A

Feed on others

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9
Q

What are photoautotrophs

A

Use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon

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10
Q

What is oxygenic

A

Produces oxygen gas

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11
Q

What is anoxygenic

A

Does not produce O2 gas

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12
Q

What are photoheterotrophs

A

Use light as a source of energy but cannot convert carbon dioxide to sugar

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13
Q

What are chemo autotrophs

A

Uses electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Use co2 as source of carbon

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14
Q

What are parasites

A

Organisms that derive nutrients from a living host

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15
Q

What are psychrophiles

A

Cold loving microbes. -10-20

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16
Q

What are mesophiles

A

Moderate temp loving. 10-50

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17
Q

What are thermophiles

A

Heat loving 40-70

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18
Q

What is a minimum growth temperature

A

Lowest temp at which a species will grow

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19
Q

What is optimum growth temperature

A

Temperature at which the species grows best

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20
Q

What is maximum growth temperature

A

Highest temp at which growth is possible

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21
Q

What are hyperthermophiles

A

Microbes that have an optimum growth temp of 80* or higher

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22
Q

What are acidophiles

A

Microbes that are tolerant of acidity

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23
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

Shrinkage of a cells cytoplasm

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24
Q

What are extreme halophiles

A

Adapted to high salt concentrations that they require for growth

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25
Q

What are obligate halophiles

A

Require high salt concentrations for growth

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26
Q

What are facultative halophiles

A

Don’t require high salt concentrations but are able to grow on them

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27
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Use gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere

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28
Q

What are trace elements

A

Small amounts of mineral elements

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29
Q

What are obligate aerobes

A

Microbes that require oxygen to live

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30
Q

What are facultative Anaerobes

A

Bacteria can grow in the absence of oxygen or with oxygen

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31
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions

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32
Q

What are aerotolerant anerobes

A

Cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate it well.

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33
Q

What are microaerophiles

A

Microbes that are aerobic however they only grow in oxygen concentrations lower than those and air

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34
Q

What are organic growth factors

A

Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize

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35
Q

What are biofilms

A

Sticky slime layers of bacteria

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36
Q

What is a culture medium

A

The nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory

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37
Q

What does sterile Mean

A

Must initially contain no living microorganisms

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38
Q

What is a chemically defined medium

A

One who’s exact chemical composition is known

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39
Q

What is complex media

A

The exact chemical composition very slightly from batch to batch

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40
Q

What is nutrient broth

A

Liquid form of a medium

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41
Q

What is nutrient agar

A

Agar added to a nutrient broth

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42
Q

What is reducing media

A

Ingredients chemically combined with dissolved oxygen and deplete the oxygen in the culture medium

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43
Q

What are capnofiles

A

Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations

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44
Q

What are selective media

A

Media designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes

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45
Q

What is differential media

A

Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate

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46
Q

What is enrichment culture

A

Provide to do trades environmental conditions that favor of the growth of a particular micro but not others.

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47
Q

What is a colony

A

Bunches of microbes that arise from a single store or from a group of the same organisms attached to one another in groups of chains

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48
Q

What is the streak plate method

A

Streak bacteria in 4 quadrants

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49
Q

What is deep freezing

A

Pure culture of microbes is placed it is suspected liquid quick frozen temperatures ranging from -50 to -95

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50
Q

What is lyophilization

A

A suspension of microbes is quickly frozen water is removed by high vacume

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51
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission or budding

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52
Q

What is the generation time

A

Time required for a cell to divide and it’s population to double

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53
Q

What is a bacterial growth curve

A

Shows the growth of cells overtime.

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54
Q

What are the four basic phases of growth

A

The lag, the log, stationary and death phase

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55
Q

What is the lag phase

A

Little to no cell division

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56
Q

What is the log phase

A

Period of exponential growth

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57
Q

What is the stationary phase

A

Period Of equilibrium

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58
Q

What is the death phase

A

Please continues until the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of cells in the previous phase

59
Q

What is a plate count

A

Where you count the visible colonies on a plate

60
Q

What is colony forming units

A

What plate counts are reflected as

61
Q

What is serial dilution

A

What do you dilute it to several different bottles

62
Q

What is the pour plate method

A

When you mix broth with agar

63
Q

What is the spread plate method

A

When you spread of bacteria over the surface

64
Q

What is turbidity

A

Cloudiness from cells

65
Q

What is sterilization

A

Removal or destruction of all living microorganisms

66
Q

What is a sterilant

A

Sterilizing agent

67
Q

What is commercial sterilization

A

Sterilization of food items

68
Q

What is disinfection

A

Control directed at destroyed harmful microorganisms

69
Q

What is antisepsis

A

The antiseptic disinfection of living tissue

70
Q

What is Degerming

A

Mechanical removal of most of the microbes that a limited area

71
Q

What is sanitization

A

Lowers microbial count to safe public health levels

72
Q

What does a germicide kill

73
Q

What does a fungicide kill

74
Q

What is bacteriostasis

A

Stops bacteria. Once the bacteriostatic agent is removed growth might resume

75
Q

What is sepsis

76
Q

What factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments

A

The number of microbes, environmental influences, type of exposure, microbial characteristics

77
Q

How do microbial control agents kill cells

A

Alteration of membrane permeability, damage to proteins and nucleic acid

78
Q

What is the thermal death point

A

Lowest temperature at which all the micro organisms in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes

79
Q

What is the thermal death time

A

Minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temperature

80
Q

What is decimal reduction time

A

Time in minutes in which 90% of the population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed

81
Q

Given example of moist heat sterilization

82
Q

What is pasteurization

A

Eliminates pathogenic microbes and lowers microbial numbers

83
Q

What are the methods of dry heat sterilization

A

Direct flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization. Kills by oxidation

84
Q

What is filtration

A

Passage of liquid or gas through filter with pores small enough to retain microbes

85
Q

What do high efficiency particulate air filters do

A

Remove all Microorganisms larger than a certain diameter

86
Q

What are membrane filters used for

A

Intended to filter bacteria

87
Q

What is desiccation

A

In the absence of water organisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years and one water is made available to them they can resume their growth and division.

88
Q

How is osmotic pressure used to preserve foods

A

The use of high concentration of salt and sugar is based off the effects of osmotic pressure. The process resembles desiccation

89
Q

What are the two types of sterilizing radiation

A

Ionizing and nonionizing

90
Q

What is ionizing radiation

A

Short wavelength. More energy

91
Q

What is non-ionizing radiation

A

Long wavelength.

92
Q

What are the three heat methods used to control microbial growth

A

Moist heat, Pasteurization, dry heat

93
Q

In boiling what is the mechanism of action for controlling microbial growth

A

Protein denaturation

94
Q

In autoclaving what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Protein denaturation

95
Q

In pasteurization what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Protein denaturation

96
Q

In dry heat hot air sterilization what is the mechanism of action for control of microbial growth

97
Q

In filtration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Separation of bacteria from liquid

98
Q

In cold refrigeration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Decrease the chemical reactions and possible changes in proteins

99
Q

In deep-freeze and what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes and proteins

100
Q

In high-pressure what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth

A

Alteration of molecular structure of proteins and carbohydrates

101
Q

In desiccation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth

A

Disruption of metabolism

102
Q

In osmotic pressure what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth

A

Plasmolysis

103
Q

In radiation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth

A

Destruction of DNA.

104
Q

What is the disc diffusion method

A

Place disks on the lawn of bacteria to see which it is affected by

105
Q

What is the mechanism of action for phenol chemicals

A

Disruption of plasma membrane and denaturation of enzymes

106
Q

What is the mechanism of action for chlorhexidine to control microbial growth

A

Disruption of plasma membrane

107
Q

What is the mechanism of action for halogens

A

Inhibits protein function

108
Q

What is the mechanism of action for alcohols

A

Protein denaturation and lipid dissolution

109
Q

What is the. Mechanism of action for heavy metals and their compounds

A

Denaturation of enzymes and other proteins

110
Q

What is the method of action for surface active agents

A

Enzyme disruption

111
Q

What is the mechanism of action for chemical food preservatives

A

Metabolic inhibition

112
Q

What is the condition of action for aldehydes

A

Protein denaturation

113
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A substance produced by micro organisms that in small amounts inhibits other microorganisms

114
Q

What does the narrow spectrum of microbial activity mean

A

The range of different microbial types it affects

115
Q

What does broad-spectrum antibiotics affect

A

A broad about of microbial types

116
Q

What is a super infection

A

And overgrowth or a resistance to antibiotics

117
Q

What is bacteriocidal

A

Kills microbes

118
Q

What is bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits microbes from growing

119
Q

Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin, vancomycin

120
Q

Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit protein synthesis

A

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and streptomycin

121
Q

Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription

A

Quinolones, rifampin

122
Q

Which antimicrobial drugs injure the plasma membrane

A

Polymyxin b

123
Q

Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit a sensual metabolite synthesis

A

Sulfanilamide and trimethoprim

124
Q

How is cell wall synthesis inhibited

A

Prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan

125
Q

How is proteins synthesis inhibited

A

Selectively targets certain sized ribosomes

126
Q

How is the plasma membrane injured

A

Due to changes in permeability

127
Q

How is nucleic acid synthesis inhibited

A

Interferes with the process of replication and transcription

128
Q

How do you inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites

A

By competitive inhibition

129
Q

What are the two natural penicillins that inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillin G injectable. Penicillin V oral

130
Q

What do the semi synthetic penicillins end in

131
Q

What are the two cephalosporins that inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Cephalothin injectable or cefixime oral.

132
Q

What are the two polypeptide antibiotics which inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Bacitracin topical and vancomycin

133
Q

What are the antimycobacterial antibiotics which inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Isoniazid and ethambutol

134
Q

What is special about chloramphenicol which inhibits protein synthesis

A

It’s toxic

135
Q

Which drugs inhibit protein synthesis

A 
Aminoglycosides
Pleuromutilins
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Streptogramins
Oxazolidinones
Glycylcyclines
136
Q

Which drugs injure the plasma membrane

A

Polymyxin B

Lipopeptides

137
Q

Which drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

A

Rifamycin

Quinolones

138
Q

Which drug is a competitive inhibitor of the synthesis of essential metabolites

A

Sulfonamides

139
Q

Of the Antifungal drugs, which ones affect the plasma membrane by inhibiting synthesis

A

Polyenes
Azoles
Allylamines

140
Q

Which Antifungal drugs affect fungal cell walls by inhibiting synthesis of the cell wall

A

Echinocandins

141
Q

Which Antifungal drugs inhibit nucleic acids by inhibiting protein synthesis

A

Flucytosine

142
Q

What are the three types of antiviral drugs that work by inhibiting DNA/rna synthesis

A

Nucleosides, attachment and uncoating and interferons

143
Q

How do anti protozoan drugs work

A

By inhibiting anaerobic metabolism

144
Q

What is a zone of inhibition

A

Zone on the lawn of bacteria where an antibiotic has worked

145
Q

What does the E test allow for

A

Shows the exact amount of antibiotics that is necessary for minimum inhibitory concentration

146
Q

What are the different mechanisms of resistance

A

Enzymatic destruction or inactivation of the drug, prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe, alteration of the drugs target site, rapid influx of the antibiotic, variations of mechanisms of resistance

Microbiology And Immunology (23 decks)

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