Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is catabolism
Enzyme regulated chemical reactions that release energy (the breakdown of complex organic compounds into smaller compounds)
What is a metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
What is anabolism
Enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions (build complex organic molecules from simpler ones)
What are metabolic pathways
Sequences of chemical reactions
What is activation energy
Collision energy required for a chemical reaction
What is a reaction rate
Frequency of collisions containing sufficient energy to bring about a reaction
What is a catalyst
Substance that speed up chemical reactions
What is an enzyme
Biological catalyst
What is a substrate
Specific substrate for a specific enzyme
What is an enzyme-substrate complex
When enzyme orients the substrate into a position that increases the probability of a reaction
What is a turnover number
Maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second
What is an apoenzyme
Protein portion of an enzyme
What is a cofactors
A nonprotein component
What is a coenzyme
Is a cofactors is an organic molecule
What is a haloenzyme
Whole enzyme (apoenzyme + cofactor)
What is CoA
Synthesize and breakdown fats
What is denaturation
Loss of structure due to heat
What does saturated mean
All active sites are occupied
What are competitive inhibitors
Fill active site of an enzyme and competes with normal substrate
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor
Don’t compete with substrate. Interacts with another portion of the enzyme
What is allosteric inhibition
Binds to site other than the substrates binding site
What is feedback inhibition
Stops cell from making more substances than it needs
What is a ribozyme
RNA that functions like protein enzymes
What is oxidation
Removal of electrons
What is reduction
Gain of electron
What is dehydrogenation
Loss of hydrogen atoms
What is phosphorylation
Addition of phosphate group
What is the electron transport chain
Electron carrier sequences
What is photophosphorylation
Photosynthetic cells use of phosphorylation
What is carbohydrate catabolism
Breakdown of carbohydrate molecules
What is glycolysis
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
What is enther-doudoroff pathway
Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP
What is cellular respiration
ATP generating process
What is aerobe
Uses oxygen
What is an anaerobe
Does not use oxygen
What is aerobic respiration
Final electron receptor is O2
What is anerobic respiration
Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
What is the kerbs cycle
Cycle where the potential chemical energy stored in acetyl CoA is released step by step
What is decarboxylation
Loss of one CO2
What is the electron transport chain
Carrier molecules that are capable of oxidation and reduction
What is flavoproteins
Proteins containing flavin
What is cytochromes
Proteins with iron containing group
What is ubiquinones
Non protein carriers
What is chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis using electron transport chain
What is fermentation
Release of energy from sugars. Anaerobic.
What is lactic acid fermentation
Glucose oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid
What is alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis of glucose ➡️ 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
What is heterolactic
Produces lactic acid
What is photosynthesis
Synthesis of organic compounds
What is carbon fixation
Synthesis of sugars by use of CO2
