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Microbiology And Immunology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotes

A

DNA is found in cells nucleus. DNA is associated with histone and non-histone proteins. Have a membrane enclosed organelles. Cell walls are chemically simple. Cell division involves mitosis

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes

A

The DNA is not enclosed within a membrane. Their DNA is not associated with histones. Lack membrane enclosed organelles. So walls generally contain peptidoglycan and they divide by binary fission

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2
Q

What are diplococci

A

Cocci that remain in Pairs after division

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3
Q

What is streptococci

A

Cocci that divide and remain in chain like patterns

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4
Q

What is tetrads

A

Divided into planes and remain in groups of four

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5
Q

What are sarcinae

A

Divided in three planes and remain in cube like groups of eight

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6
Q

What are staphylococci

A

Divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters

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7
Q

What are single bacilli

A

Single rods of bacteria

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8
Q

What are diplobacilli

A

Appear in pairs after division

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9
Q

What is Streptobacilli

A

Occur in chains

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10
Q

What is coccobacilli

A

Oval bacteria that look like cocci

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11
Q

What is vibrios

A

Bacteria that look like curved rods

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12
Q

What is Spirilla

A

Have a corkscrew shape

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13
Q

What are sphirochetes

A

Helical, flexible spirals

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14
Q

What does monomorphic mean

A

Cells that maintain a single shape

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15
Q

What is pleomorphic

A

Cells that have many shapes

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16
Q

What is a glycocalyx

A

A substance that surrounds cells

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17
Q

What is a capsule

A

And organized substance that is firmly attached to sell walls

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18
Q

What is the slime layer

A

Unorganized and loosely attached substance to the cell wall

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19
Q

What is the extracellular Polymeric substance

A

A Glycocalyx help cells in the biofilm attached to their target environment into each other

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20
Q

What is the flagella

A

Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

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21
Q

What is a Atrichous

A

Bacteria lacking flagella

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22
Q

What is petritrichous

A

Flagella distributed over the entire cell

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23
Q

What is polar

A

At one or both poles or ends of the cell

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24
Q

What is monotrichous

A

A single flagella at one pole

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25
Q

What is lophotrichous

A

A tuft of flagella coming from one pole

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26
Q

What is amphitrichous

A

Flagella at both poles of the cell

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27
Q

What is motility

A

Ability of an organism to move by itself

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28
Q

What is taxis

A

Movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus

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29
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

Chemical stimuli

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30
Q

What is phototaxis

A

Light stimuli

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31
Q

What is H antigen

A

Flagellar protein

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32
Q

What is serovars

A

Variations within a species of gram negative bacteria

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33
Q

What are axial filaments

A

Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheathe and spiral around the cell

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34
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Can occur at the poles of bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell

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35
Q

What is a pili

A

Usually longer that fimbriae. Pili are involved in motility and DNA transfer

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36
Q

What is twitching motility

A

Makes contact with another surface and then retracts

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37
Q

What is gliding motility

A

Smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria

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38
Q

What is conjugation pili

A

Used to bring bacteria together allowing transfer of DNA

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39
Q

What is the cell wall

A

Semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell

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40
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

Composed of a macromolecular network

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41
Q

What is Porins

A

Proteins in the membrane that form channels

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42
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide

A

A complex molecule that has lipids and carbs and consists of three compounds. Lipid a, core polysaccharide, o polysaccharide

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43
Q

What is lipid a

A

Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide

44
Q

What is core polysaccharide

A

Attached to lipid a and contains unusual sugars. Provide stability

45
Q

What is o polysaccharide

A

Functions as an antigen

46
Q

What is mycolic acid

A

Hydrophobic waxy lipid in their cell walls

47
Q

What is a protoplast

A

Cellular contents that remains surrounded by the plasma membrane. May remain intact if lyses does not occur

48
Q

What is an L form

A

Proteus that loses their cell wall and swell into irregularly shaped cells

49
Q

What is a spheroplast

A

Cellular contents, plasma membrane and remaining outer cell wall layer inside a spherical structure

50
Q

What is osmotic lysis

A

Bursting of a cell due to osmosis

51
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell

52
Q

What is the glycoprotein

A

Protein attached to carbohydrate

53
Q

What is a glycolipid

A

Lipid attached to a carbohydrate

54
Q

What is a fluid Mosaic model

A

Dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins

55
Q

What is selective permeability

A

Selective barriers through which materials can enter and exit the cell

56
Q

What is the chromatophore or thylakoid

A

Enzymes involved in photosynthesis found in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm

57
Q

What is a mesosome

A

Bacterial plasmid membranes having large irregular folds

58
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Overall movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

59
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Integral membrane proteins function as carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

60
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules

61
Q

What is osmotic pressure

A

Pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes

62
Q

What is isotonic solution

A

Medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equal that Found inside a cell

63
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

In medium in which the concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell

64
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

Medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has

65
Q

What is active transport

A

Cell using energy to move substances across the plasma membrane

66
Q

What is group translocation

A

Special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane

67
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane

68
Q

What is the nucleoid region

A

The region containing DNA

69
Q

What is bacterial chromosome

A

Circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA

70
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules

71
Q

What is a ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis

72
Q

What is an inclusion

A

Reserve deposits in cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells

73
Q

What are metachromatic granules

A

Large inclusions that take their name from the fact that they can stain red with blue dyes

74
Q

What is volutin

A

Represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP

75
Q

What is a polysaccharide granule

A

Inclusion consisting of glycogen and starch

76
Q

What is the lipid inclusion

A

And inclusion containing lipids

77
Q

What is a carboxysome

A

Inclusions that contain the enzyme ribose 15 diphosphate carboxylase

78
Q

What is a gas Vacuoles

A

Hollow cavity is found in many aquatic prokaryotic

79
Q

What is a magnetosome

A

Inclusion surrounded by invagination’s of plasma membrane

80
Q

What are endospores

A

Gram-positive bacteria forming specialized resting cells

81
Q

What is sporulation

A

Endospore formation within a vegetative cell

82
Q

What is germination

A

Endospore returning to a vegetative state

83
Q

What are microtubules

A

Long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin

84
Q

What is endocytosis

A

A segment of a membrane enclosing a particle and bringing it into the cell

85
Q

What is cytosol

A

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

86
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

Provides support and shape

87
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming

A

Movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another

88
Q

What are organelles

A

Structures were specific shapes and specialized functions that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells

89
Q

What is the nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane surrounding nucleus

90
Q

What is a nuclear pore

A

Tiny channels in the membrane

91
Q

What is nucleoli

A

Condensed regions of chromosomes where RNAs being synthesized

92
Q

What are histones

A

DNA combined with several proteins

93
Q

What is chromatin

A

Threadlike mass of protein

94
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Chromatic and coils into shorter and thicker rodlike bodies

95
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Extensive network of flattened membranous sacs called Cisternae

96
Q

What is the golgi complex

A

First step in the transport pathways through an organelle

97
Q

What’s a transport vesicle

A

Releases proteins into the cistern

98
Q

What is secretory vesicles

A

Detach from the cistern and deliver the proteins to the plasma membrane

99
Q

What is Lysosomes

A

Contain 40+ digestive enzymes

100
Q

What are vacuoles

A

Space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane

101
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Rod shaped organelles

102
Q

What is the Cristae

A

Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

103
Q

What is the matrix

A

Semi fluid substance in the center of the mitochondrion

104
Q

What is a chloroplast

A

Membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzyme required for the light gathering phase of photosynthesis

105
Q

What are thylakoids

A

Chlorophyll containing flat membranous sacs

106
Q

What is peroxizomes

A

Contains enzymes

107
Q

What is a centrosome

A

Important to cell division

108
Q

What is an Endosymbiotic theory

A

Large bacterial cells which lost their cell walls and engulf smaller bacterial cells

Microbiology And Immunology (23 decks)

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