Exam 2 ADHD

Question 1

Neurodevelopmental
Disorders

Answer 1

multifaceted conditions characterized by impairments in cognition, communication, behavior, and/or motor skills resulting from atypical brain development

Question 2

DSM criteria for symptoms

Answer 2

6 or more symptoms persisting for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent w/ developmental level and that neg. impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities

persistent pattern that interferes w/ functioning or development

several symptoms were present prior to age 12

clear evidence that symptoms interfere w/ or reduce the quality of social, academic, or occupational functioning

symptoms dont occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder

Question 3

Hyperactivity (ex. of
behavioral
manifestations)

Answer 3

excessive motor activity when it is not appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness

-often fidgets with or taps hands or feet or squirms in seat
-often talks excessively

Question 4

Impulsivity (ex. of
behavioral
manifestations)

Answer 4

refers to hasty actions that occur in the moment w/out forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual

-often blurts out an answer before a question has been completed
-has difficulty waiting their turn

Question 5

Inattention (ex. of
behavioral
manifestations)

Answer 5

Manifests behavorially as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and isnt due to defiance or lack of comprehension

-fails to pay close attention to details or makes careless mistakes
-often loses things necessary for tasks or activities
-is often forgetful in daily activities

Question 6

Executive functioning

Answer 6

a set of cognitive skills that help people plan, act, and interact with others

Question 7

exec functioning cognitive processes

Answer 7

working memory, mental computation, planning, anticipation, and flexibility of thinking

Question 8

exec functioning language processes

Answer 8

verbal fluency and the use of self-directed
speech

Question 9

exec functioning motor processes

Answer 9

verbal fluency and the use of self-directed speech

Question 10

exec functioning emotional processes

Answer 10

self-regulation of arousal level and tolerating frustration

Question 11

Differential Diagnosis

Answer 11

list of possible conditions that a healthcare provider may consider when trying to determine the cause of a patient’s symptoms

Question 12

differential diagnoses for ADHD

Answer 12

ODD, intermittent explosive disorder, ASD, intellectual disability

Question 13

Comorbid Diagnosis

Answer 13

two or more conditions or illnesses at the same time

Question 14

comorbid diagnoses for ADHD

Answer 14

ODD, conduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, specific learning disorder, anxiety disorders

Question 15

Risk Factors

Answer 15

a characteristic or exposure that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or health disorder

Question 16

risk factors for ADHD

Answer 16

-family history for first-degree bio relatives
-visual and hearing impairments
metabolic abnormalities, sleep disorders, nutritional deficiencies
-epilepsy

Question 17

prognosis

Answer 17

the likelihood of relieving symptoms/getting better

Question 18

prognosis factors for ADHD

Answer 18

family interactions may contribute to the development of conduct problems

Question 19

What are the three specifiers or presentations that accompany an ADHD diagnosis? What requirements need to be met for each specifier?

Answer 19

combined presentation: have symptoms from both

inattentive presentation: symptoms predominantly come from inattentiveness

predominantly hyperactive/impulsive: symptoms come from mostly hyperactive/impulsive category

Question 20

What ADHD presentation is most common in early childhood? What ADHD presentation is most common in middle childhood and adolescence?

Answer 20

early: hyperactive/impulsive
middle: inattentive

Question 21

Describe the gene-environment interaction (GxE) and its relation to ADHD?

Answer 21

if a child inherited the gene from a parent and the parent also has ADHD, they are more likely to develop symptoms

Question 22

Why might inattention become more prominent and impairing in middle childhood?

Answer 22

the child might have learned to internalize/control/deal with their hyperactivity, but as school becomes more difficult, inattentiveness becomes more prevalent

Question 23

Name two temperamental factors of ADHD

Answer 23

reduced behavioral inhibition (difficulty controlling impulses and delaying gratification)

negative emotionality: a tendency towards negative emotions, such as frustration or irritability

Question 24

Name two environmental risk factors of ADHD

Answer 24

very low birth weight

smoking during pregnancy

Question 25

Name two biological risk factors of ADHD

Answer 25

having a first-degree biological relative w/ADHD

metabolic abnormalities, sleep disorders, nutritional deficiencies

Question 26

How might ADHD impact a child’s academic, social, and family functioning?

Answer 26

academic: reduced school performance, increased risk of academic problems

social: may get into trouble when trying to be helpful, often disliked and uniformly rejected by peers

family: many negative interactions, can be misinterpreted as laziness, irresponsibility, or lack of cooperation

Question 27

What is the difference between a differential diagnosis and a comorbid diagnosis

Answer 27

a differential diagnosis is a list of other conditions that need to be ruled out in order to ensure the correct diagnosis

a comorbid diagnosis is a diagnosis that occurs at the same time as another one