Exam 2

Question 1

Refers to the process by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of their goals, including the ability to resist short term rewards that thwart the attainment of long term goals

Answer 1

Self-Regulation

Question 2

Self discrepancy theory- the self one thinks one actually is

Answer 2

Actual Self

Question 3

Self discrepancy theory- the self one aspires to be (hopes, wishes, goals)

Answer 3

Ideal Self

Question 4

Self discrepancy theory- the self one thinks one’s significant others wants one to be (duties, obligations)

Answer 4

Ought Self

Question 5

A psychological tendency that’s expressed by evaluating an object with some degree of favor or disfavor including three components: cognition, affect, and behavior

Answer 5

Attitude

Question 6

What are the 3 components of attitudes?

Answer 6

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral

Question 7

True or False: Attitudes always predict behavior

Answer 7

False; inconsistency in components of attitude

Question 8

What was founded in terms of the accuracy of self knowledge?

Answer 8

Participants widespread assumption that each of us is our own best expert

Question 8

Represent people’s beliefs and feelings about themselves, both in general and in particular kinds of situations; stored in memory

Answer 8

Self-Schemas

Question 8

Unpleasant motivational state caused by holding 2 or more inconsistent cognitions; attitude behavior discrepancies

Answer 8

Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

Question 9

Our belief about what others thinks about us

Answer 9

Reflected self appraisals

Question 10

Refer to the idea that only a subset of a person’s vast pool of self-knowledge is brought to mind in any given context—usually the subset that’s most relevant or appropriate in the current situation; Ex- notions of the self associated with relationships are likely to be the mind’s chief focus when with a romantic partner, whereas notions of the self related to competition are likely to be at the forefront during a heated sports match.

Answer 10

Working self concept

Question 11

Students who are rebellious and free-spirited in the dorm may shift to a more sober and conservative demeanor around parents or professors. You might see yourself as relaxed and outspoken when with your close friends, but you’re as shy and inhibited when interacting with a group of new acquaintances

Answer 11

Distinctive aspects of the self

Question 11

The idea that our self can be shaped

Answer 11

Malleability

Question 12

In _____________ societies, the self is an autonomous entity that is distinct and separate from others, it’s important for people in these cultures to assert their uniqueness and independence. What kind of self construal is this?

Answer 12

Western; Europe, Canada, U.S. Australia; independent

Question 13

In these societies the self is fundamentally connected to other people, imperative to find a place within the community and fulfill appropriate roles. What kind of self construal is this?

Answer 13

Asian, African, and Latin cultures; interdependent

Question 14

Women tend to construe themselves in more _________ terms while men construe themselves in ________ terms

Answer 14

Interdependent; Independent

Question 14

What components of gender influence the self concept?

Question 15

The idea that people compare themselves to other people to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states

Answer 15

Social Comparison Theory

Question 16

The phenomenon whereby people come to define themselves in terms of trait, norms, and values that they associate with a social group when their identity as a member of that group is important

Answer 16

Self-Stereotyping

Question 16

The part of a persons sense of self that are derived from group memberships but there will be variation in how central or important that identity is to each individual; Ex- “I am republican” “I am gay” “I am Latinx”

Answer 16

Social Identities

Question 17

The thesis that people’s self esteem is contingent on their successes and failures in domains they deem important to their self worth

Answer 17

Contingencies of Self Worth

Question 17

A person’s enduring level of self-regard across time, fairly stable; Ex- high/low reports remain high/low later in life

Answer 17

Trait Self Esteem

Question 18

A psychological theory that suggests self-esteem is a gauge of how well people feel they are accepted and valued by others

Answer 18

Sociometer Hypothesis

Question 19

_____________ cultures foster higher levels of self-esteem than ___________ cultures do

Answer 19

Independent; Interdependent

Question 20

The desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive views of the self

Answer 20

Self-enhancement

Question 20

True/False: as people from interdependent cultures are increasingly exposed to the West, the independent emphasis on self-worth rubs off on them, and their self-esteem rises

Answer 20

True!

Question 21

The finding that most people think they are above average on various personality trait and ability dimensions

Answer 21

Better-than-average effect

Question 21

Focuses on people’s efforts to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback or events that threaten a valued self-image, such as getting a poor test grade or learning that they’re at risk for a certain illness

Answer 21

Self-affirmation theory

Question 22

The theory that people strive for others to view them as they view themselves, such verification of ones views of the self helps people maintain a sense of coherence and predictability

Answer 22

Self-Verification Theory

Question 23

Self regulation of behavior with respect to ideal self standards, a focus on attaining positive outcomes through approach related behaviors

Answer 23

Promotion Factors

Question 24

Self regulation of behavior with respects to ought self standards, a focus on avoiding negative outcomes through avoidance related behaviors

Answer 24

Prevention Focus

Question 25

A theory that behavior is motivated by standards reflecting ideal and ought selves, falling short of these standards elicits specific emotions and may lead to efforts to get closer to them

Answer 25

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Question 26

Specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances, an “if-then” plan; Ex- “If my little brother acts annoying, then I’ll just ignore him.” The “if” refers to some kind of cue, and the “then” refers to a behavior that will follow the cue

Answer 26

Implementation Intentions

Question 27

Presenting the person we would like others to believe we are

Answer 27

Self-presentation

Question 28

The public image of ourselves that we want others to have; Ex- one person may want to be seen as a gifted, temperamental musician

Answer 28

Face

Question 29

Refers to the tendency to monitor one’s behavior to fit the demands of the current situation

Answer 29

Self-monitoring

Question 30

The tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior in order to have an excuse ready should one perform poorly or fail, self destructive behaviors

Answer 30

Self-handicapping

Question 31

Lists a set of possible answers with anchors on each extreme—for example, 1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree

Answer 31

Likert Scale

Question 32

Measurement of the amount of time it takes a person to respond to an attitude question

Answer 32

Response Latency

Question 33

An indirect measure of attitudes that doesn’t involve a self report; Ex- Implicit bias test, categorizing good versus bad

Answer 33

Implicit Attitude Measure

Question 34

what reason do attitudes not always predict behavior?

Answer 34

Inconsistency in attitudes, Ex: anti drinking and driving but also anti getting in the way of everyone having a good time

Question 35

Examining ones own thoughts or feelings

Answer 35

Introspecting

Question 36

What is the relationship between introspecting and attitudes?

Answer 36

coming up with the (wrong) reasons for an attitude you have can mislead you about what your attitude actually is

Question 37

The impact of behavior on attitudes reflects our powerful tendency to justify or rationalize our behavior and to minimize any inconsistencies between our attitudes and actions

Answer 37

cognitive consistency theory

Question 38

Festinger’s theory that inconsistency between a persons thoughts, sentiments, and actions creates an avoidant emotional state that leads to efforts to restore consistency

Answer 38

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Question 39

Aroused whenever people experience inconsistency between two cognitions and when the cognitions are about one’s own behavior (“I just failed to live up to my promise”), the inconsistency between cognitions and behavior is troubling as well

Answer 39

Dissonance

Question 40

A mere moment’s reflection tells us that all hard decisions cause some feelings of __________

Answer 40

Dissonance

Question 41

The tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, money, or effort devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing

Answer 41

Effort Justification

Question 42

When people are induced to behave in a manner that’s inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values; Ex- A researcher conducts a study on the enjoyment of a boring task, like sorting blocks. . One group is paid $1 to tell another participant (who hasn’t done the task yet) that the task is interesting, while the other group is paid $20 to do the same. (essentially lying against your beliefs)

Answer 42

Induced Compliance

Question 43

Induced Compliance experiment: to reduce their dissonance, participants in the $1 condition would rationalize their behavior by changing their attitude about the task they had performed. If they convinced themselves the task was interesting after all, their lie wouldn’t really be a lie.

Answer 43

Attitude Change

Question 44

A given inconsistency will arouse dissonance, Aronson argued, if it implicates our __________________

Answer 44

core sense of self

Question 45

When people are given _____ ________ between conflicting conditions there is no dissonance effect

Answer 45

free choice

Question 45

If a person’s behavior is justified by a powerful incentive of some sort (like a large sum of money), even behavior that dramatically conflicts with the person’s beliefs won’t produce dissonance

Answer 45

Insufficient Justification

Question 46

Studies have shown that people experience dissonance only when their behavior results in __________ ___________

Answer 46

Negative Consequences

Question 47

Prediction of negative consequences causes great cognitive dissonance versus when the consequences cannot be predicted; Ex- If a dinner guest who is allergic to peanuts becomes ill after eating a dish with peanut sauce, we don’t hold the host responsible if the guest never informed the host of the allergy

Answer 47

Forseeability

Question 48

a common way in which people cope with threats to their self-esteem, “Sure, I might have violated a friend’s confidence, but I’m very empathetic when other people are having difficulties.” “I know I drive an SUV, but no one puts in more volunteer hours than I do.”

Answer 48

Self-Affirmation

Question 49

The theory that people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior externally and in the context in which it occurred, inferring what their attitudes must be

Answer 49

Self-perception theory

Question 49

In terms of universality dissonance seems to be a phenomenon unique to _____________

Answer 49

Westerners

Question 50

Our tendency to become less intrinsically motivated to partake in an activity that we used to enjoy when offered an external incentive such as money or a reward; Ex- Children rewarded for drawing are less likely to want to draw in the future for fun

Answer 50

Overjustification effect

Question 51

Our thoughts and feelings are affected by, even grounded in, our physical states and bodily movements; Ex- if we don’t like something we are inclined to push it away

Answer 51

Embodied Cognition

Question 52

The theory that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system as desirable, fair, and legitimate; Ex- “Low-income people may be poor, but they’re happier than wealthy people”;

Answer 52

System Justification Theory

Question 53

Specifies what people do to deal with the potentially crippling anxiety they experience when they think about their own mortality/inevitable death; Ex- denial— Many people all around the world believe that they will go on living in some form after life on Earth is over

Answer 53

Terror Management Theory (TMT)