Chapter 14: Morality, Altruism, and Cooperation

Question 1

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgement of right or wrong; Ex: the gut feeling that incest is wrong, which then influence how we reason about the issue in question

Answer 1

Social Intuitionist Model of Moral Judgement

Question 2

A theory proposing that there are five evolved universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgements, universal among every culture

Answer 2

Moral Foundations Theory

Question 3

What are the five domains/foundations of the the moral foundations theory?

Answer 3

care/harm, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup loyalty, authority/respect, purity/sanctity

Question 4

The foundation that centers on a concern for the suffering of others, especially vulnerable individuals; triggered by vulnerability or pain and elicit sympathy

Answer 4

Care/Harm

Question 5

The foundation that concerns others act in a just, equitable fashion, and it is triggered by unfair acts—scamming, deceiving, failing to reciprocate a generous act, or taking more than one deserves; elicits anger for justice

Answer 5

Fairness/Reciprocity

Question 6

The foundation that pertains to the commitments we make to those in the groups we belong to, the foundation for strong cohesive social collectives; elicits loyalty or betrayal

Answer 6

Ingroup Loyalty

Question 7

The foundation related to honoring one’s place in social hierarchies; elicits emotions like shame, envy, or pride

Answer 7

Authority/Respect

Question 8

The foundation that centers on avoiding dangerous diseases and contaminants and socially impure ideas or actions; elicits disgust

Answer 8

purity/sanctity

Question 9

In terms of moral foundations and political divisions fairness and freedom were more common themes in the everyday lives of ________ while loyalty, authority, and purity were more salient in the everyday lives of ________

Answer 9

liberal; conservatives

Question 10

Prosocial behavior that benefits others without regards to the consequences for oneself

Answer 10

Altruism

Question 11

A benefit such as praise, positive attention, something tangible, or gratitude, that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behavior

Answer 11

Social Reward

Question 12

A motive for helping others in distress that may arise from a need to reduce ones own distress

Answer 12

Personal Distress

Question 13

Identifying with someone in need, including feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing accompanied by the intention to help that person

Answer 13

Empathic Concern

Question 14

True or False: when the vagus nerve is activated, it enables vocal communication, eye contact, and the slowing of the stress response; it is thus thought to be an ancient physiological system that promotes social connection

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Assistance a person regularly provides for another person or group with no expectation of compensation

Answer 15

Volunteerism

Question 16

Batson’s research shows that feelings of ________ _______ and sympathy increase the likelihood that people will act altruistically to help those who are suffering.

Answer 16

Empathic Concern

Question 17

Assistance given by a witness to someone in need or during an emergency

Answer 17

Bystander Intervention

Question 18

A reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in an emergency or dangerous situation based on the assumption that others who are present will help

Answer 18

Diffusion of Responsibility

Question 19

True or False: People are more likely to help others who are similar to them

Answer 19

True

Question 20

People are most likely to help when the harm to the victim is clear and the need is ____________

Answer 20

Unambigous

Question 21

An evolutionary strategy that favors the reproductive success of ones genetic relatives even at a cost to ones own survival and reproduction

Answer 21

Kin Selection

Question 22

In which setting are populations more altruistic and willing to help, urban or rural?

Answer 22

Rural

Question 23

When it comes to altruism, it turns out that those who have _____ give _____, at least in terms of the proportion of their income that they donate to charity.

Answer 23

Less; More

Question 24

Helping others with the expectation that they will probably return the favor in the future

Answer 24

Reciprocal Altruism

Question 25

A situation involving payoffs to two people who must decide whether to cooperate or defect, in the end trust and cooperation lead to higher joint payoffs than mistrust and defection do

Answer 25

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Question 26

As the likelihood of interacting with someone in the future rises, we become more ___________

Answer 26

Cooperative

Question 27

The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network

Answer 27

Reputation

Question 28

Our _________ of events and situations matter a great deal in shaping interactions toward more cooperative or more competitive outcomes

Answer 28

Construal

Question 29

How does culture relate to individuals ability to cooperate with others?

Answer 29

In cultures that rely on others (religion, poverty, and exposure to violence) they are more likely to cooperate

Question 30

A strategy in the prisoners dilemma game in which the players first move is cooperative thereafter the player mimics the other persons behavior whether cooperative or competitive

Answer 30

tit for tat strategy

Question 31

Occurs when people are unsure about what’s happening and assume that nothing is wrong because no one else is responding or appears concerned

Answer 31

Pluralistic Ignorance