Chapter 10: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

A way of categorizing people through a belief that certain attributes are characteristics of members of a particular group

Answer 1

Stereotypes

Question 2

An attitude or affective response (positive or negative) toward a group and its individual members

Answer 2

Prejudice

Question 3

Favorable or unfavorable actions/treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

Answer 3

Discrimination

Question 4

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs, although White people may reject explicitly racist beliefs they nevertheless feel animosity toward Black people or are highly suspicious of them and uncomfortable dealing with them

Answer 4

Modern Racism

Question 5

People with such attitudes tend to look favorably on women who conform to gender roles but to derogate those who deviate from them, thereby inhibiting progress toward equality

Answer 5

Benevolent Sexism

Question 6

Attitudes or beliefs that appear positive or well-intentioned towards certain groups but still perpetuate stereotypes and inequalities, subtle and often disguised as goodwill or positive bias

Answer 6

Benevolent racism and sexism

Question 7

A technique for revealing nonconscious attitudes towards different stimuli, particularly groups of people; Ex: Discussion flowers and insect practice

Answer 7

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Question 8

The presentation of information designed to activate a concept and hence make it readily accessible

Answer 8

Priming

Question 9

Derived by comparing a person’s average reaction time to real and made-up words that are positive or negative in valence when preceded by faces of members of a given category

Answer 9

Implicit Prejudice

Question 10

A priming procedure assigned to assess peoples implicit associations to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups; subjects are shown a picture of a member of a particular target group followed by a neutral image, such as a belt buckle which the association then transfers onto

Answer 10

Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP)

Question 11

A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination is likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources; Ex: Trump’s efforts to depict immigrants as threats to American jobholders resonated mostly with White voters experiencing hard times economically

Answer 11

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Question 12

Glorifying ones own group while vilifying other groups, people in the outgroup are often thought of in stereotyped ways and are treated in a manner normally forbidden by one’s moral code

Answer 12

Ethnocentrism

Question 13

A goal that transcends the interest of any one group and that can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together; Ex: group of liberals and group of conservatives stuck in the jungle want to escape

Answer 13

Superordinate goals

Question 14

An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these minimal groups are inclined to behave toward one another (still seem to favor their ingroup)

Answer 14

Minimal Group Paradigm

Question 15

Idea that our self-esteem comes not only from our personal identity and accomplishments but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which we belong

Answer 15

Social Identity Theory

Question 16

Because our self-esteem is based in part on the status of the groups to which we belong, we may be tempted to _____ the status and fortunes of these groups and their members

Answer 16

Boost

Question 17

Taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one’s group, such as when sport fans identify with a winning team

Answer 17

Basking in Reflected Glory

Question 18

True or False: criticizing another group makes people feel better about their own group—and hence themselves

Answer 18

True

Question 19

From the cognitive perspective, stereotyping is __________ since it stems from the ubiquity and necessity of categorization

Answer 19

inevitable

Question 20

True or False: People are more likely to fall back on stereotypes when they lack mental energy

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or False: Providing participants with an applicable stereotype made it easier for them to recall stereotypically consistent information, thereby allowing them to conserve mental energy for use in other tasks, such as taking the quiz on Indonesia

Answer 21

True

Question 22

People sometimes “see” correlations (relationships) between events, characteristics, or categories that are not actually related

Answer 22

Illusory Correlations

Question 23

How does distinctiveness relate to illusory correlations?

Answer 23

Distinctive negative events (robbery or murder) and distinctive groups (minority) lead people to stereotype as more likely to engage in negative behavior

Question 24

The pairing of two distinctive events that stand out because they occur together

Answer 24

Paired Distinctiveness

Question 25

Actions that are _________ with an existing stereotype are noticed, deemed significant, and remembered, whereas actions that are at _______ with the stereotype may be ignored, dismissed, or quickly forgotten

Answer 25

Consistent; Variance

Question 26

How do stereotypes relate to self-fulfilling prophecies?

Answer 26

Stereotypes are encouraged when individuals treat others with behavior they expect to see from those groups

Question 27

What does it mean to explain away expectations of a stereotype?

Answer 27

People who hold stereotypes of ethnic groups sometimes dismiss examples of individuals who don’t conform to the stereotypes as exceptions or members of relatively rare subtypes

Question 28

Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

Answer 28

Subtyping

Question 29

The tendency for people to assume that the members of an outgroup are more similar to one another, whereas the members of their ingroup are more individual and diverse

Answer 29

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Question 30

The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races

Answer 30

Own Race Identification Bias

Question 31

True or False: The own race identification bias occurs because people interact with members of their own race as individuals, without thinking about race

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Devine sought to demonstrate that what separates prejudiced and unprejudiced people is not whether they are aware of derogatory stereotypes but……

Answer 32

whether they accept or reject those stereotypes

Question 33

The activation of stereotypes is typically an ____________ process; thus, stereotypes can be triggered even if we don’t want them to be

Answer 33

Automatic

Question 34

Whereas a bigot will endorse or employ stereotypes, an unprejudiced person will employ ________ cognitive processes to discard or suppress them—or at least try to

Answer 34

Controlled

Question 35

What are some individual approaches to prejudice reduction?

Answer 35

media promotion of outgroup acceptance, school programs, cognitive and emotional training

Question 36

The proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact with one another

Answer 36

Contact Hypothesis

Question 37

What are the conditions that must be present for the contact hypothesis to work?

Answer 37

groups must have equal status, shared goals (interdependence), and supportive social norms

Question 38

A diversity ideology that encourages treating others as unique individuals and downplaying or ignoring cultural and ethnic group differences

Answer 38

color-blindness

Question 39

Programs intended to foster inclusion in hiring, promotion, and retention of employees from underrepresented group

Answer 39

Diversity Training