Chapter 12: Groups

Question 1

“a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent (depend on each other) to some significant degree” (Cartwright & Zander, 1968

Answer 1

Group

Question 2

Term for the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others on individual performance; relative to humans and nonhumans

Answer 2

Social Facilitation

Question 3

Argued that the presence of others, indeed the mere presence of others, tends to facilitate performance on simple or well-learned tasks, but it hinders performance on difficult or novel tasks

Answer 3

Zajonc’s Theory

Question 4

In any situation, you can respond in a variety of ways, arranged in a hierarchy according to their likelihood of happening. Whatever you’re most inclined to do in that situation is at the top of the hierarchy and is thus the _________ _________

Answer 4

Dominant Response

Question 5

A concern about looking bad in the eyes of others, about being evaluated

Answer 5

Evaluation apprehension

Question 6

The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

Answer 6

Social Loafing

Question 7

A kind of faulty thinking by highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus

Answer 7

Groupthink

Question 8

______________ is the compromised decision making of a group, fueled by a shallow examination of information, a narrow consideration of alternatives, and a sense of invulnerability or moral superiority

Answer 8

Groupthink

Question 9

The decision to withhold information or opinions in group discussions

Answer 9

Self-Censorship

Question 10

What are ways to prevent groupthink from occurring?

Answer 10

leaders refrain making opinions known in the beginning, consider outside input, devils advocate

Question 11

The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals; whatever way the group as a whole is leaning group discussions tend to make it lean further in that direction

Answer 11

Group Polarization

Question 12

When people are predisposed to favor one course of action in a given situation, they can think of more and better arguments for that action

Answer 12

Persuasive arguments account

Question 13

Within a group, refers to the ability to control one’s own outcomes and those of others

Answer 13

Power

Question 14

An arrangement of individuals in terms of their rank or power relative to the power of other group members

Answer 14

Social Hierarchy

Question 15

When individuals do things that are good for the group—for example, generating bold new ideas, sharing knowledge, or giving time to others—group members, in their own self-interest, will recognize these contributions and give such individuals more power

Answer 15

Path of Virtue

Question 16

What are the four virtues that should enable an individual to gain power within groups?

Answer 16

courage, humanity, justice, and temperance

Question 17

Gain and keep of power thanks to actions that give us dominance over others, such as through force, fraud, manipulation, strategic violence, and the weakening of people around us

Answer 17

Path of Vice

Question 18

What are the three vices that should enable an individual to gain power within groups?

Answer 18

Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy

Question 19

A theory maintaining that high power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick judgements, whereas low power individuals are more likely to constrain their behavior and pay careful attention to others

Answer 19

Approach/Inhibition Theory

Question 20

If power involves the freedom to act as one wishes, when people experience elevated power, they should show ___________ behavior—that is, they tend to be less concerned about the evaluations of others and more inclined to act in goal-driven ways

Answer 20

Approach

Question 21

Reduced power is associated with increased dependence on others, as a result, less powerful people should show ___________ behavior—that is, they tend to be more vigilant and careful in making judgments and decisions and more restrained when taking action.

Answer 21

Inhibition

Question 22

How does power relate to disinhibited (inappropriate/lack of self control) behavior?

Answer 22

Feeling power increases likelihood of partaking in disinhibited behavior; EX: Sean Diddy Combs or any man with a lick of power

Question 23

A reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self regulation that can come over people when they are in large groups

Answer 23

Deindividuation

Question 24

What are the antecedent conditions in the model of deindividuation?

Answer 24

Anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, energizing effects of others, stimulus overload

Question 25

What are the internal state conditions of the model of deindividuation?

Answer 25

less self evaluation or evaluation from others, reduce shame/guilt

Question 26

What are the behavioral effects of the model of deindividuation?

Answer 26

impulsivity, irrationality, emotionality, and antisocial activity

Question 27

How does the conduct of war relate to deindividuation?

Answer 27

when warriors are deindividuated before battle (masks or war paint) they perform more aggresively

Question 28

An enhanced sense of individual identity by focusing attention on the self, generally leads people to act carefully and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values

Answer 28

Individuation

Question 29

When people focus their attention on themselves, they become more concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their own standards and values

Answer 29

Self Awareness Theory

Question 30

Peoples conviction that other people are paying more attention to them (appearance and behavior) than they actually are

Answer 30

Spotlight Effect