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Women's Health > Exam 1 Test Map 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Test Map 2 Flashcards

1
Q

makes LIGAMENTS LOOSE! Ligaments hold the pelvis so when they loosen (the pelvis gets a big boost of relaxin at birth) this allows the baby enough room to come out

A

relaxin

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2
Q

describe important considerations for relaxin

A

NOT specific to the pelvis-it relaxes ALL ligaments in the body!
May cause a gain in shoe size during pregnancy May also cause hip pain & back pain
do NOT stand on feet for extended periods of time & do NOT lift >25 lbs. during pregnancy (they don’t feel the ligaments stretching so may cause ligament damage)

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3
Q

found in the vagina (they are lipid substances that occur in high concentrations in the female reproductive tract); also found around the head of the sperm (which protects the sperm so they can get into the cervical mucous and make it into the uterus);

A

prostaglandins

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4
Q

like little helmet’s the sperm wear. Exact function is unknown (but believe they play a role in the initiation of labor)

A

prostaglandins

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5
Q

plays greatest role in maintaining pregnancy (maintains the endometrium/decidua & inhibits spontaneous uterine contractility (smooth muscle relaxer)

A

progesterone

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6
Q

if there is a decrease in this you will LOSE the pregnancy

A

progesterone

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7
Q

at delivery, progesterone will

A

decrease (but NOT cause blood clots)

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8
Q

symptoms and interventions of progesterone

A

constipation (+ not a lot of iron + not a lot of water/fiber), nausea/vomiting, & breast tenderness so tell mom-eat small meals, do not eat late at night, take antacids (Tums), eat a high fiber diet, & increase water intake!

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9
Q

interventions for ligament pain

A

Not preventable; rest, maintain good body mechanics to avoid overstretching ligament; relieve cramping by squatting or bringing knees to chest; sometimes heat helps.

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10
Q

Increased vascularity, slight hypertrophy, and hyperplasia (increase in number of cells) cause softening of the cervix, a probable sign of pregnancy, occurring during the second month/ 6 weeks.

A

Gooddell sign

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11
Q

Violet bluish vaginal mucous membrane and cervix that is visible around the 4th week of pregnancy; caused by increased vascularity.

A

Chadwick sign

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12
Q

uterine changes

A

The muscle and tissues of the uterus become lose and elastic, contributing to the velvety appearance of the cervix during pregnancy.

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13
Q

Plug of mucus that fills the cervical canal during pregnancy; acts as a barrier against bacterial invasion. Occurs in response to cervical stimulation by estrogen and progesterone.

A

Mucus Plug (Operculum)

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14
Q

mucus during pregnancy

A

the mucus is cloudy, clear, thick, and sticky

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15
Q

what happens to mucus plug as woman gets closer to labor

A

the mucus plug discharges as the cervix begins to dilate. The plug may come out as a plug, a lump, or simply as increased vaginal discharge over several days.

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16
Q

Specialized vascular disk-shaped organ for maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange. The placenta grows wide until 20 weeks, when it covers about half of the uterine surface, then it continues to grow thicker. Normally it implants in the thick muscular wall of the upper uterine segment.

A

placenta/cord

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17
Q

anatomy of cord

A

The cord is covered with Wharton’s Jelly that cushions its vessels during contraction and movements. It has 2 arteries for elimination of CO2/waste and one vein for supply of O2/nutrients.

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18
Q

Fluid surrounding the fetus derived primarily of maternal serum and fetal urine. The amount of fluid increases weekly; 700 to 1000 ml of transparent liquid is normally present at term. (regular volume changes)

A

amniotic fluid

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19
Q

amniotic fluid functions

A

The fetus swallow’s fluid, and fluid flows into and out of the fetal lungs. Beginning in week 11, the fetus urinates into the fluid, increasing its volume.
Maintain a constant body temperature.
Source of oral fluid and a repository for waste and assists in maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis.
Freedom of movement for musculoskeletal development. It cushions the fetus from trauma by blunting and dispersing outside forces. It acts as a barrier to infection and allows fetal lung development. The fluid keeps the embryo from tangling with the membranes, facilitating symmetric growth.

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20
Q

If the embryo does become tangled with the membranes

A

amputations of extremities or other deformities can occur from constricting amniotic bands.

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21
Q

describe breast changes during pregnancy

A

breast tenderness due to the rise in progesterone, estrogen, HPL, and enlarging size so tell mom to wear a well-fitting, supportive bra

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22
Q

describe skin changes during pregnancy

A 
Chloasma (butterfly tan, red, or dark skin discoloration on face, “mask of pregnancy”) 
Linea Nigra (dark line down belly during pregnancy), 
Spider Nevi (collection of vessels with a central red spot with radiating red extensions like a spider web normally on skin of face)
Striae Gravidum (stretch marks) due to a rise in estrogen and rapid weight gain
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23
Q

musculoskeletal changes during pregnancy

A

Since relaxin is produced this allows the pelvis to enlarge & relaxes the sacroiliac joints which causes pain & instability-NO HEAVY LIFTING; crossfit can cause injury

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24
Q

pain due to the uterus being anchored by ligaments in the pelvis

A

round ligament pain + abdominal discomfort

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25
Q

blood volume increases by…

A

1500 ml which is composed of 1000 ml of plasma & 500 ml of RBC’

26
Q

is good because this prevents mom from throwing a clot, but it also causes physiologic anemia of pregnancy so all women must be on IRON SUPPLEMENTS

A

hemodilution

27
Q

if hgb goes below ____ this will decrease the amount of O2 the baby gets from the gap);

A

10

28
Q

cardiac output during pregnancy

A

increases so the HR will slightly increase 10-15 bpm

29
Q

BP in first trimester

A

in 1st trimester remains the same

30
Q

BP in second trimester

A

2nd trimester may decrease slightly because the placenta develops & progesterone causes a vasodilation (relaxes smooth muscle in arteries & veins),

31
Q

BP considerations for pregnant women!!

A

BP must NOT ever be taken while mom is flat on her back because the inferior vena cava runs right up the back of mom which delivers blood back to the the heart through the right atrium to go to the right ventricle to the lungs so her uterus is pressing on the inferior vena cava and causes a false low BP; also mom should never lay flat on her back during 2nd & 3rd trimester

32
Q

respiratory changes in pregnant women

A

O2 requirements increase because the baby needs oxygen; lungs are compressed because of growing uterus so moms breathe the same rate, but cannot take DEEP breaths because of the uterus pressing on the diaphragm so she may have SOB so tell mom to posture her pillows upright for better sleeping

33
Q

GI changes in pregnancy

A

peristalsis decreases due to an increase in progesterone which causes constipation & nausea/vomiting (N + V occurs because of change in hormones-specifically because of increasing hCG levels & the rise in estrogen, also with the increased progesterone causing the relaxation of that smooth muscle this can cause N + V)
reflux, heartburn & GERD- due to uterus pressing on stomach

34
Q

urinary changes in pregnancy

A

increased UTI

increased urinary frequency

35
Q

physiological changes in first trimester

A

uncertainty (gets home pregnancy test), ambivalence (is this the right time? I didn’t think I’d get pregnant this soon!), Self as primary focus (“I am pregnant” instead of “I am going to have a baby”);

36
Q

physiological changes in second trimester

A

Physical evidence of pregnancy (quickening-fetal movement and therefore now thinks of fetus as separate entity), Narcissism & introversion (right foods to eat, right clothes to wear, lose interest in job, wonders what baby looks like), Body image (could be proud of enlarging abdomen & breasts or could have negative image due to stretch marks, chloasma, etc.), Changes in sexuality (unpredictable, but general increased desire, now more fear of pregnancy, and pelvic vasgocongestion increases sexual sensations);

37
Q

psyiological changes in third trimester

A

Vulnerability (may fear injury to fetus & stay away from crowds to avoid infection), Increasing dependence (needs reassurance of love and attention from partner, may call him several times a day, preparation for birth, wants to see her baby, prepares nursery)

38
Q

paternal unintentional development of physical symptoms associated with pregnancy-fatigue, increased appetite, and backache, etc.

A

couvade

39
Q

those changes felt by the woman (e.g., amenorrhea, fatigue, breast changes)

A

presumptive symptoms

40
Q

those changes observed by an examiner (e.g., Hegar sign- softening of the lower uterine segment, ballottement-passive movement of the fetus, pregnancy tests)

A

probable symptoms

41
Q

those signs attributed only to the presence of the fetus (e.g., hearing fetal heart tones, visualizing the fetus, palpating fetal movements)

A

positive symptoms

42
Q

when can β-hCG be detected in pregnant women

A

can be detected in maternal serum or urine as soon as 7 to 8 days before the expected menses

43
Q

describe hCG level changes

A

hCG levels usually double approximately every 2 days for the first 4 weeks of pregnancy. A woman should take a pregnancy test a week after her missed menstrual period.

44
Q

no one should gain more than this per trimester

A

No one should gain > 5 lbs. per trimester!!

45
Q

one of the MOST important and commonly needed supplements during pregnancy

A

iron

46
Q

food high in iron

A

Foods that are high in iron include dark green leafy vegetables and meats (specifically organ meats).

47
Q

what foods decrease iron absorption

A

Bran, tea, coffee, milk, oxalates (in spinach and Swiss chard), and egg yolk decrease iron absorption. Avoid consuming them at the same time as the iron supplement.

48
Q

what is a common side effect of constipation

A

Constipation is common with iron supplementation. A diet high in fiber with adequate fluid intake (about 8 to 10 glasses [2 L] of fluids daily) will help to avoid constipation.

49
Q

what does iron do to stool

A

cause stools to be black or dark green. This is normal.

50
Q

when is iron absorbed best

A

absorbed best if it is taken when the stomach is empty, so it is best to take it between meals with a beverage other than tea, coffee, or milk.

51
Q

is the practice of consuming nonfood substances or excessive amounts of foodstuffs low in nutritional value

A

(clay, soil, laundry starch, cotton balls)

cornstarch, ice or freezer frost, baking powder, or baking soda

52
Q

One problem with pica is that

A

regular and heavy consumption of low-nutrient products can cause more nutritious food to be displaced from the diet.

53
Q

why do women eat PICA substances

A

because they are anemic which causes them to eat these nonfood substances and continue to not get enough iron so the cravings continue.

54
Q

what can occur due to eating PICA substances

A

can cause intestinal obstructions. These nonfood items are also contaminated with heavy metals or other toxic substances which can be harmful to the mom and baby during pregnancy.

55
Q

At every Obstetric appointment what is done

A

a urine dip will be done for glucose, proteins, and ketones.

56
Q

If glucose is found,

A

gestational diabetes could be a concern.

57
Q

if protein is found in the urine

A

that means that it has been pushed over from the kidney’s, which could signify high pressure on the kidney’s indicative of hypertension.

58
Q

ketones in urine can indicate

A

signify muscle wasting, which could mean gestational diabetes.

59
Q

split bacterial products which can be indicative of UTI.

A

nitrates

60
Q

will be tested to evaluate the body’s water balance and urine concentration

A

urine specific gravity

61
Q

spotting of blood but cervix is closed, mild uterine cramping present; Not really an abortion-just threatened, light spotting, cervix remains closed! WE hope this resolves, but if not it can continue to another abortion type

A

threatened miscarriage

Women's Health (31 decks)

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