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Women's Health > Exam 1 Test Map 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Test Map 1 Flashcards

1
Q

shedding of the functional 2/3rds of the endometrium (compact & spongy layers) is initiated by periodic vasoconstriction in the upper layers of the endometrium. The basal layer is always retained, and regeneration begins near the end of the cycle from cells derived from the remaining glandular remnants or stromal cells in this layer

A

menstrual phase

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2
Q

a period of rapid growth lasting from about the 5th day to the time of ovulation. The endometrial surface is completely restored in approximately 4 days, or slightly before bleeding ceases. From this point on, an 8-to-10-fold thickening occurs, with a leveling off of growth at ovulation.

A

proliferative phase

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3
Q

extends from the day of ovulation to about 3 days before the next menstrual period. After ovulation, large amounts of progesterone are produced. An edematous, vascular, functional endometrium is now apparent. At the end, the fully matured secretory endometrium reaches the thickness of heavy, soft velvet. It becomes luxuriant with blood and glandular secretions, creating a suitable protective and nutritive bed for a fertilized ovum.

A

secretory phase

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4
Q

implantation of the fertilized ovum generally occurs about 7-10 days after ovulation. If fertilization and implantation do not occur, the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone, regresses. With the rapid decrease in progesterone and estrogen levels, the spiral arteries go into spasm. The blood supply to the functional endometrium is blocked and necrosis develops. The functional layer separates from the basal layer, and menstrual bleeding begins, marking day 1 of the next cycle

A

ischemic phase

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5
Q

phases of endometrial cycle

A

1) menstrual 2) proliferative 3) secretory 4) ischemic

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6
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

follicular and luteal

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7
Q

The primitive graafian follicles contain immature oocytes (primordial ova). Before ovulation, from 1 to 30 follicles begin to mature in each ovary under the influence of FSH and estrogen. The preovulatory surge of LH affects a selected follicle. The oocyte matures, ovulation occurs, and the empty follicle begins its transformation into the corpus luteum. This phase of the ovarian cycle varies in length from woman to woman. Almost all variations in ovarian cycle length are the result of variations in the length of the follicular phase.

A

follicular phase

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8
Q

begins immediately after ovulation and ends with the start of menstruation. This postovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle usually requires 14 days (range 13 to 15 days). The corpus luteum reaches its peak of functional activity 8 days after ovulation, secreting the steroids estrogen and progesterone. Coincident with this time of peak luteal functioning, the fertilized ovum is implanted in the endometrium. If no implantation occurs, the corpus luteum regresses and steroid levels drop. Two weeks after ovulation, if fertilization and implantation do not occur, the functional layer of the uterine endometrium is shed through menstruation.

A

luteal phase

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9
Q

the MAIN hormone/dominant hormone of the Follicular Phase.

A

estrogen

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10
Q

causes final maturation of the follicle;

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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11
Q

causes ovulation

A

lutenizing horomone (LH)

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12
Q

must surge in order to ovulate in order to get pregnant

A

LH

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13
Q

the MAIN/dominant hormone in the Luteal Phase after ovulation

A

progesterone

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14
Q

these hormones drop 5-7 days before period

A

estrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

______ a woman’s basal body temperature is often less than 37° C (98.6° F);

A

before ovulation

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16
Q

_______, with increasing progesterone levels, her basal body temperature rises

A

after ovulation

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17
Q

mucus is viscous (thick) so that sperm penetration is discouraged.

A

Preovulatory and postovulatory

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18
Q

cervical mucus is thin and clear

It looks, feels, and stretches like egg white.

A

time of ovulation

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19
Q

It looks, feels, and stretches like egg white. This stretchable quality is termed

A

spinnbarkeit

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20
Q

Some women have localized lower abdominal pain called ____ that coincides with ovulation

A

mittelschmerz

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21
Q

Three signs of ovulation and normal follicle/ovum life and sperm life

A

-Elevation in body temp up to 0.5 degrees F due to release of progesterone after ovulation
-Mittelschmerz pain = in German “middle” (of cycle) and “pain”
Actual change in the lining of the ovary at the release of the ovum
-Cervical mucous increases for sperm transport to the Fallopian tube

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22
Q

Method for calculating estimated due date. It is based on the woman’s accurate recall of her last menstrual period (LMP).

A

Naegele’s Rule

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23
Q

describe Naegele’s Rule

A

It assumes that the woman has a 28-day cycle and that fertilization occurred on the 14th day. After determining LMP , subtract 3 calendar months, add 7 days, and add 1 year

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24
Q

Method for measuring Fundal Height which provides gross estimate of the duration of pregnancy.
Measurement is taken from the symphysis pubis to the top of the fundus
This allows us to use the +/-2 criteria to see if the growth patterns are predictable.

A

McDonald’s rule

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25
Q

Excessive increase in fundal height can lead to

A

could mean a multifetal gestation or polyhydramnios (Amniotic fluid in the uterus).

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26
Q

stable or decreased fundal height

A

intrauterine growth restriction

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27
Q

before measuring fundal height

A

the woman should empty her bladder for an accurate reading.

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28
Q

A woman who is pregnant (means you have the products of conception; sperm and egg meet and egg is fertilized and implanted in the endometrial lining

A

gravida

29
Q

what is the endometrial lining called during pregnancy

A

Decidua Basalis

30
Q

the # of pregnancies in which the fetus or fetuses have reached 20 weeks of gestation (viability) and have been born.

A

parity

31
Q

NOT the # of fetuses (e.g. twins), but the # of PREGNANCIES! Not affected by whether the fetus is born alive of is a stillborn (i.e. showing no signs of life at birth)

A

parity

32
Q

CAN NEVER HAVE A PARITY HIGHER THAN A

A

GRAVIDA!

33
Q

describe gavida system

A

G=# or pregnancies, INCLUDING the CURRENT one!

P=# of pregnancies that have reached 20 weeks gestation & fetus has been born.

34
Q

GTPAL system

A

G=Gravidity: # of pregnancies, INCLUDING the CURRENT one!
T=Term: # of pregnancies terminating after 36 weeks.
P=Pre-term: # of pregnancies terminating between 20-36 weeks gestation (including from 20 weeks to 36 weeks & 6 days).
A=Abortions: # of pregnancies terminating before 20 weeks gestation (Baby did NOT make it to viability).
L=Living Children: # of living children alive AT THIS MOMENT! This L counts the # of CHILDREN & not JUST pregnancies!

35
Q

The most crucial period of development for the embryo is throughout

A

the first 8 weeks

36
Q

organisms that can cross the placenta and cause serious harm to the fetus.

A

TORCH infections

37
Q

what does TORCH stand for

A

T-toxoplasmosis, O-other infections (e.g. Hepatitis), R-rubella, C-cytomegalovirus, H-herpes simplex virus.

38
Q

produce flu like symptoms for the mother but can have serious complications for the fetus

A

TORCH infections

39
Q

what can TORCH teratogens cause

A

can cause Neural Tube Defects, Mental Retardation, Truncus Arteriosus, Atrial Septal Defect, Ventricular Septal Defect, cleft lip, low set ears, deafness, Microphthalmia, cataracts, glaucoma, enamel hypoplasia and staining, cleft palate, and masculinization of female genitalia.

40
Q

day 1 through the end of week 2 (day 15); one per cycle, lives for 24 hours after ovulation

A

ovum (egg)

41
Q

from week 2 (day 15) to 8 weeks

A

embryo

42
Q

from 8 weeks to birth

A

fetus

43
Q

70-90% of pregnant women have this until 12 weeks. Dry crackers and toast, avoiding causative factors, and consuming small frequent dry meals can provide relief.

A

nausea

44
Q

Decreased fluids in the evening can provide relief from this

A

urinary frequency

45
Q

planning naps and seeking assistance can provide relief

A

fatigue

46
Q

Maternal changes/discomforts during the pregnancy

A

nausea, urinary frequency, fatigue, breast tenderness, Leukorrhea, epistaxis, Ptyalism, pyrosis, Dependent Edema, varicose veins, constipation, hemorrhoids, backache, abdominal discomfort, leg cramps, faintness, dyspnea

47
Q

white or slightly gray discharge with faint musky odor, practice good hygiene and avoid douching as this puts the patient at an increased risk for yeast infections.

A

Leukorrhea

48
Q

cool air vaporizer or sea spray can provide relief. Avoid nasal sprays and decongestants.

A

epistaxis

49
Q

excessive secretion of saliva. Use of astringent mouthwashes and chewing gum or sucking hard candy can provide relief.

A

Ptyalism

50
Q

Heartburn. Eating small, frequent meals and taking antacids can provide relief. Avoid overeating, fatty and fried foods

A

pyrosis

51
Q

Foot exercises and elevating legs can provide relief from this

A

Dependent Edema

52
Q

Elevating legs frequently and wearing support hose can provide relief. Avoid standing for prolonged periods or crossing legs.

A

varicose veins

53
Q

Increase fluids, fiber and exercise. Maintain regular bowel habits can help relieve this

A

constipation

54
Q

topical ointment, ice packs, tucks pads, warm soaks, or sitz baths can provide relief. Avoid constipation.

A

hemorrhoids

55
Q

using proper body mechanics, pelvic tilt exercises, and wearing comfortable low-heeled shoes can provide relief.

A

backache

56
Q

Flexing knee and hip on affected side and utilizing heat can provide relief. Avoid stretching.

A

abdominal discomfort

57
Q

one of the 1st signs of pregnancy (secreted by the trophoblast early in pregnancy

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG

58
Q

stimulates the corpus luteum (the sac the egg was in prior to ovulation & now this sac will secrete Progesterone & Estrogen throughout the pregnancy) to produce progesterone & estrogen until the placenta is sufficiently developed (about 20 weeks); Peaks around days 50-70;

A

HCG

59
Q

what does HCG cause

A

nausea

60
Q

produced by the placenta; it is an INSULIN ANTAGONIST-800 BC

A

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (HCS) aka Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)-

61
Q

Since there is insulin resistance & an increase in blood sugars this causes

A

WEIGHT GAIN so tell mom-only eat 300 calories per fetus with extra/high protein in her diet

62
Q

describe why insulin resistance sometimes occurs

A

Your body thinks it is 800 BC-eating a paleo diet, eating fish, green leafy things, fruit- so it is not like living in 2000 where glucose is abundant & available so this hormone makes it so that whatever mom does eat the glucose from that food remains in vascular space which goes to the intravillous gap & baby gets it so HCS increases resistance to insulin so that the extra glucose in the blood can be delivered to the baby

63
Q

secreted originally by the Corpus Luteum; produced by the placenta as early as the 7th week; stimulates uterine development to provide a suitable environment for the fetus & helps the breast get ready for lactation

A

estrogen

64
Q

3 estrogens in the body

A

Estradiol, Estriol, & Estrone

65
Q

Elevated estrogen ______ fibrinolysis & _____ fibrinogen

A

DECREASES; INCREASES

66
Q

what does the increased estrogen at delivery(equivalent to 90 pills) cause

A

BLOOD CLOTS! Watch for blood clots at delivery because these estrogen levels are so high!

67
Q

what symptoms can estrogen cause

A

nausea, vomiting, nasal stuffiness, ptylalism (increased salivation), Epulis (tumors of the gums) so tell mom to eat small meals.

68
Q

true pregnancy hormone that inhibits uterine activity, diminishes the strength of uterine contractions, aids in softening the cervix, and has the long-term effect of remodeling collagen; produced by the placenta

A

relaxin

Women's Health (31 decks)

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