Exam 1 Part 8

Question 1

Both waves are moving in the same direction and zero crossing; forces reinforce rather oppose each other

Answer 1

Additive forces

Question 2

Even multiples of resonant frequencies ____ each other and ___ out

Answer 2

Oppose, cancel

Question 3

Why do we use odd multiples of resonating frequencies?

Answer 3

They reinforce each other

Question 4

Quarter resonants only use _____ multiples

Answer 4

Odd

Question 5

What units are resonant/formant frequencies measured in?

Answer 5

Hertz (Hz)

Question 6

What is the relationship between vocal tract length and resonant frequencies?

Answer 6

As the vocal tract length increases, the resonant frequencies decreases

Question 7

Why does the resonant frequency increase as vocal tract length decreases?

Answer 7

It exits out faster; propagates faster out of the vocal tract

Question 8

The vowels trapezoidal structure of the vowel system initially was thought to be defined by the ______ _________ of tongue.

Answer 8

Articulatory positioning

Question 9

Relationship of F1 and F2 refers to _____ and ______

Answer 9

Heightness and backness

Question 10

How do we get the trapezoidal structures of vowels?

Answer 10

F1 and F2 of each vowel

Question 11

Which phonation type in American English permits vowel to be unvoiced?

Answer 11

Whisper

Question 12

What is the points of maximum pressure called in a tube that is open on one side only?

Answer 12

Node

Question 13

True or false: “The smaller a vocat tract is, or the smaller a particular resonating cavitiy is, the lower the frequencies to which it will respond.”

Answer 13

False

Question 14

True or false: “For a tube opened at one end and closed at another, the odd multiples of the lowest resonanting frequency are canceled at the zero-crossing while the even multiples are not. “

Answer 14

False

Question 15

True or false: Resonating frequencies are determined by the size and shape of the various spaces in the vocal tract; these spaces are largely determined by the movement and positions of active articulators.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or false: The resonating cavities of the vocal tract can be regarded as variable resonators.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

“When examining the spectrum of a source-filter’s speech signal (i.e., output), what important aspect(s) of the signal can one identify?”

Answer 17

Harmonics, formants, fundamental frequency

Question 18

True or false: “For an average male vocal tract length, the produce of a schwa will yield an F1=500, F2=1500, F3=2500.”

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or false: The trapezoidal shape of the vowel chart is based upon the apical point of the tongue’s position in the oral cavity.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What is the representation that examines frequency and intensity at a single timepoint of a sound signal?

Answer 20

Spectrum

Question 21

What does the narrowband spectrogram show?

Answer 21

Harmonics

Question 22

What does the broadband spectrogram show?

Answer 22

Intensity, formants, glottal pulses, frication

Question 23

What do the dark bands on a spectrogram show?

Answer 23

High intensity

Question 24

What do we do when we produce vowel?

Answer 24

We change our articulators (oral cavity), voicing (phonation)

Question 25

What is the acoustic correlate of voicing (phonation)?

Answer 25

Acoustic pitch (fundamental frequency or first harmonic); source

Question 26

What is the acoustic correlate of our articulators?

Answer 26

Resonating frequencies (Formants); filter

Question 27

What two things make up the output of speech?

Answer 27

Filter and source

Question 28

F1 = ______

Answer 28

Heightness

Question 29

F2 = ______

Answer 29

Backness

Question 30

[i] has a ____ F2 _____ F1

Answer 30

High, low