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Personal Deck > EXAM 1 Material Only Week 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Material Only Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

ADME of drugs

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2
Q

Absorption

A

Route of administration to body

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3
Q

Routes of Administration

A

IV, PO, Sublingual, Topical, Opthalmic, Rectal

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4
Q

Bioavailability

A

Amount of drug available after absorption/metabolism to produce an active effect

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5
Q

Which routes avoid first-pass effect

A

Iv, Sublingual, Buccal, and Rectal

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6
Q

Distribution

A

Process of drug movement through the body

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7
Q

Distribution dependant on

A

Size, Charge, and structure

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8
Q

Drugs can passively diffuse when

A

Small and uncharged

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9
Q

Weak acids will be trapped in

A

Basic environments

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10
Q

Weak bases will be trapped in

A

Acidic environments

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11
Q

Drugs bind to plasma proteins to

A

Normalize concentration in body
Bypass liver and kidney
Stay in body longer

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12
Q

Plasma Protein concentration affected by

A

Malnourishment
Liver disease
MI
Stress
Infection

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13
Q

Albumin

A

Major protein of blood
Normally too large to be excreted by the kidneys

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14
Q

Volume of distribution

A

Dose of Drug/Plasma concentration of drug

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

Process of making a drug more hydrophilic for excretion

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16
Q

Phase 1 Metabolism involves what rxn

A

Reduction, Oxygenation, Hydrolysis

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17
Q

Metabolism primarily occurs in

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum in liver cells but can occur throughout body

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18
Q

Phase 2 Metabolism involves what rxn

A

Conjugation/Synthetic
More polar and easier to excrete

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19
Q

Phase 1 Metabolism uses what main enzyme family

A

Cyp450 (Primarily CYP3A)

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20
Q

Main Family and Subunits of CYP450?

A

CYP3 (CYP3A4, 5, 7)

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21
Q

Phase 2 uses what main enzyme family?

A

UGT

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22
Q

What are SNP

A

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms - Minor mutations in a protein that lead to metabolic activity changes

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23
Q

What is a Prodrug

A

Inactive components that need to be metabolized to become active

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24
Q

Example of a Prodrug (Opioids)

A

Codeine (inactive) to Morphine (active)

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25
Q

What is a Metabolite

A

Product of metabolism (Active or inactive)

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26
Q

Lipophilic Drugs can/can’t be excreted?

A

Can’t

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27
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of drugs from system

28
Q

Excretion Organs

A

Kidney, Lungs, Biliary system, Intestines
Also skin, saliva, breast milk

29
Q

Metabolites must be ____ to be readily excreted by the kidneys

A

Water soluble

30
Q

Normal GFR is

A

125mL/min

31
Q

Filtration in Glomerulus dependent on

A

Molecule, Size, Charge, and % of protein binding

32
Q

Will blood/protein bound drugs be filtered out by the glomerulus?

A

No. Too Large

33
Q

Passive Diffusion is most effective for

A

Uncharged/Unionized drug

34
Q

Acidic Urine will increase excretion of ___ and is made acidic by

A

Basic drugs/metabolites, Ammonium Chloride

35
Q

Basic urine will increase excretion of ___ and is made basic by

A

Acidic drugs/metabolites Sodium Bicarb

36
Q

Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion primarily occurs in

A

Proximal tubule

37
Q

Tubular Reabsorption reabsorbs

A

Ions, Amino Acids, and Glucose

38
Q

Biliary Excretion occurs through ____

A

Liver secretions (Eg Digoxin)

39
Q

Biliary excretion enhanced by

A

Conjugated Metabolites

40
Q

Enterohepatic Cycling

A

Drug excreted in bile, reabsorbed by intestines, excreted in bile again
Extends time drug remains in body

41
Q

Other sites of Excretion

A

Pulm - Volatile Ketones
Saliva - Erthromycin

42
Q

Breast milk accumulates

A

Basic drugs. It’s more acidic than plasma

43
Q

First Pass Effect

A

Metabolism of a drug by the liver after oral admin

44
Q

First-Order Kinetics

A

Half-Life Elimination (concentration halved each time)
Med will reach peak and trough in 4-5 HL
Dose to reach Css

45
Q

Zero-Order Kinetics

A

Consistent amount of med is eliminated
Slower rate of removal

46
Q

Phase 1 Metabolism converts drug to

A

Metabolite (Active or Inactive) by adding polar groups
Makes more hydrophilic

47
Q

SNP Variations that affect metabolism of drugs

A

Poor Metabolizer - PM
Intermediate Metabolizer - IM
Extensive Metabolizer - EM
Ultrarapid Metabolizer - UM

48
Q

CYP3A4 works on what % of drugs

A

50%

49
Q

What is CYP450

A

Most common enzyme system for drug metabolism

50
Q

Which enzymes have the highest genetic variability

A

CYP2D6, 2C9, and 3A4

51
Q

Herbal Medications are used by what % of adults in US

A

40%

52
Q

What % of adults tell their physician about herbal use

A

33.4%

53
Q

Do herbs fall under FDA medication guidelines?

A

No, considered a food. They do package based on GMP

54
Q

Saw Palmetto (Indication)

A

Decreases symptoms of an enlarged prostate due to BPH.

55
Q

Saw Palmetto (ADR)

A

dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, and slow clotting response have been reported.

56
Q

Saw Palmetto (Drug Interaction)

A

Anticoagulation - Use with caution or d/cM

57
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone produced by Pineal gland in 4th stage of REM sleep. Similar action to GABA

58
Q

Melatonin consumption overtime can lead to

A

negative feedback and normal secretion

59
Q

Melatonin (MOA)

A

Produced when serotonin is broken down in the pineal gland with the help of two enzymes; arylalkylamine N-acetyl transferase (AA- NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase

60
Q

Melatonin (Use)

A

Induce sleep
Prevent Jet Lag

61
Q

Melatonin (ADR)

A

Altered sleep patterns, confusion, headache, tachycardia, and hypothermia.
Potentiates benzodiazepines and succinylcholine, thereby blocking the action making it dangerous
Used long-term, can increase prolactin secretion, which can decrease luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and estradiol levels. Also resets the sleep–wake cycle and contribute to disturbed sleep cycling.

62
Q

St John’s Wort (Use)

A

Depression, Mood regulation

63
Q

St John’s Wort (ADR)

A

trouble sleeping, vivid dreams, restlessness, anxiety, irritability, stomach upset, fatigue, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, skin rash, diarrhea, and tingling.

64
Q

St John’s Wort (Drug Interaction)

A

SSRIs, cyclosporin, birth control pills, antidepressants, some cancer and HIV medications, warfarin, oxycodone, and digoxin

65
Q

Glucosamine

A

Amino acid, stimulates chondrotinin/glucosamine production for production of cartilage

66
Q

Glucosamine (Use)

A

Osteoarthritis (comparable to celecoxib)

67
Q

Glucosamine (ADR)

A

Minor (Constipation, Diarrhea, Drowsiness, H/a, heartburn, nausea, rash)

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