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2025 Anatomy II > Exam 1: Lecture 7: Equine Hoof > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 7: Equine Hoof Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the hoof is circled?

A

Periople

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2
Q

What is the periople of the hoof?

A

-Protective layer to prevent desiccation
-Similar to a cuticle

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3
Q

What is the starred part of the hoof?

A

Wall

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the wall of the hoof?

A

-Primary weight-bearing structure
-Protection, force dissipation, traction
-Keratinized, tubular epidermis

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5
Q

What part of the hoof is lined in blue?

A

Bar

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6
Q

What part of the hoof is lined in pink/red?

A

Wall

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the bars of the hoof?

A

-Extension of wall
-Provides additional weight bearing surface
-Prevents excessive expansion (buttress)

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8
Q

What part of the hoof is outlined in blue?

A

Heel

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the heel of the hoof?

A

-Shock absorption -> disruption of forces

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10
Q

What part of the hoof are the arrows pointing to?

A

White line

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11
Q

What part of the hoof is indicated by the purple line?

A

White line

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the white line of the hoof?

A

-Junction between solar & laminar epidermis
-Area where nails are driven in on a shod horse

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13
Q

What part of the hoof is highlighted in purple?

A

Sole

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the sole of the hoof?

A

-Protects bottom of P3
-Bears less weight compared to wall (bottom of hoof is concave)
-Provides traction

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15
Q

What part of the hoof is highlighted in blue?

A

Frog

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16
Q

What part of the hoof is indicated by the dark orange line?

A

Central sulcus

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17
Q

What part of the hoof is indicated by the yellow lines?

A

Collateral sulci

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the frog of the hoof?

A

-Lies over the digital cushion -> peripheral pump
-Provides traction

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19
Q

What part of the hoof is lined in yellow?

A

-Coronary band

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20
Q

What part of the hoof is indicated by the yellow lines?

A

-Coronary band

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary band?

A

-Hoof wall (coronary epidermis) overlying coronary dermis

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22
Q

What part of the hoof is indicated by the blue line?

A

Coronet

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the coronet?

A

-Junction between hoof wall (coronary epidermis) & skin (dermis)

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24
Q

The hoof epidermis is

A

Keratinized

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25
Q

Corium =

A

Dermis

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26
Q

What are the 2 dermal layers?

A

-Coronary dermis
-Laminar dermis

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27
Q

What is the coronary dermis?

A

-Supplies keratinized coronary epidermis that forms tubule & intertubule horn

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28
Q

What is the laminar dermis?

A

-Supplies laminar epidermis

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29
Q

What is the top arrow pointing to?

A

-Coronary dermis

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30
Q

What is the bottom arrow pointing to?

A

-Laminar dermis

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31
Q

What are the epidermal layers of the hoof?

A

-Coronary groove (sulcus)
-Coronary band
-Coronary epidermis (stratum medium)
-Laminar epidermis (stratum epidermis)

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32
Q

What is indicated by the yellow bracket?

A

-Coronary band

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33
Q

What is indicated by the teal bracket?

A

-Coronary groove (sulcus)

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34
Q

What is indicated by the top pair of blue arrows?

A

-Coronary epidermis (stratum medium)

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35
Q

What is indicated by the bottom pair of blue arrows?

A

-Laminar epidermis (stratum internum)

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36
Q

What is the normal hoof growth?

A

6-9 mm per month

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37
Q

When can hoof growth slow

A

-In winter, ~3 mm per month

38
Q

How does hoof wall growth work?

A
  1. Keritinized coronary epidermis formed by basal epidermal cells at coronary band *tubular
  2. Continuous w/ keratinized laminar epidermis
  3. Desmosomes detach between epidermal & dermal lamina to let coronary & laminar epidermis “ratchet” or move down
39
Q

How does sole growth work?

A

-Horn tubules oriented vertically
-Growth limited by curling of tubules at ground (slower than wall growth)

40
Q

The horse does not walk on its third phalanx, but rather

A

P3 is suspended in hoof capsule by lamina

41
Q

What is the suspensory apparatus of P3?

A

Laminar dermis interdigitates & supplies laminar epidermis

42
Q

What happens of the suspensory apparatus fails?

A

Sinking of P3

43
Q

What can cause the suspensory apparatus of P3 to fail?

A

-Metabolic syndrome & insulin resistance
-Pars pituitary intermediate dysfunction (PPID or Cushing’s)
-Endotoxemia (colic, retained placenta, colitis)
-Physical demand

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the hoof?

A

-Medial/lateral Palmar/Plantar Digital vein, artery, nerve

45
Q

Where to vessels enter the hoof?

A

-Enter on palmar/plantar aspect of P3
-Arteries through foramen in P3
-Venous drainage primarily along dorsal border of P3

46
Q

Where is the extensive branching of the blood supply to the hoof?

A

Venous plexuses

47
Q

What are the venous plex of the hoof?

A

-Palmar venous plexus
-Dorsal venous plexus
-Coronary venous plexus

48
Q

Where is the palmar venous plexus?

A

-In sole corium, around toe between sole & digital cushion

49
Q

Where is the dorsal venous plexus?

A

-In laminar corium

50
Q

Where is the coronary venous plexus?

A

-At coronet - in coronary & perioplic corium

51
Q

What does the venous plex do?

A

-Drains into digital veins
-Cuts at coronet bleed

52
Q

Where do collateral cartilages attach?

A

To P3

53
Q

What is highlighted in blue?

A

Collateral cartilages

54
Q

What is the purpose of collateral cartilages?

A

-Structural support for heel bulbs
-Shock absorption (dissipates force through their expansion)
-Involved in blood pumping action of foot

55
Q

What part of the hoof is circled?

A

Heel bulb

56
Q

How does the hoof pump?

A

-Digital cushion functions as “pump”
-When horse bears weight digital cushion expands & vein compressed -> blood pools in venous plexus & digital cushion (diastolic phase)
-When horse lifts hoof digital cushion contracts & veins open -> blood forced out (systolic phase)

57
Q

What is lined in red?

A

Navicular bone

58
Q

What is the importance of the navicular bone?

A

-Same function as any other sesamoidean bone
-Acts as pulley (decreased strain on DDFT as it changes direction to cross coffin joint, decreases work of DDFT to act on P3)

59
Q

These are different views of what bone?

A

Navicular bone

60
Q

What part of the navicular apparatus is the top pink arrow pointing to?

A

-Flexor tendon sheath

61
Q

What part of the navicular apparatus is the grey arrow pointing to?

A

-Collateral sesamoidean (suspensory) ligament of the navicular bone

62
Q

What part of the navicular apparatus is the purple arrow pointing to?

A

-Navicular bursa

63
Q

What part of the navicular apparatus is the blue arrow pointing to?

A

-Impar ligament

64
Q

What is indicated by the purple bracket?

A

-Articular border of navicular bone

65
Q

What is indicated by the yellow bracket?

A

Distal border of navicular bone

66
Q

What is indicated by the blue bracket?

A

Proximal border

67
Q

What is indicated by the pink bracket?

A

-Flexor surface/border

68
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Medullary cavity

69
Q

What is indicated by the orange arrow?

A

-Cortex

70
Q

What is indicated by the purple mark?

A

-Collateral sesamoidean (suspensory) ligament of navicular bone)

71
Q

What is indicated by the blue mark?

A

-Impar ligament

72
Q

What is indicated by the blue bracket?

A

-Proximal border of navicular bone

73
Q

What is indicated by the yellow bracket?

A

-Distal border of navicular bone

74
Q

What is indicated by the blue bracket?

A

-Proximal border of the navicular bone

75
Q

What is indicated by the yellow bracket?

A

-Distal border of navicular bone

76
Q

What is circled?

A

-Synovial fossa
-Superimposed on distal border

77
Q

What is shown by the purple mark?

A

-Collateral sesamoidean (suspensory) ligament of navicular bone

78
Q

What is shown by the blue mark?

A

-Impar ligament

79
Q

What is shown by the purple bracket?

A

-Articular border of the navicular bone

80
Q

What is shown by the pink bracket?

A

-Flexor surface/border of navicular bone

81
Q

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

A

-Medullary cavity of navicular bone

82
Q

What is the orange arrow pointing to?

A

-Cortex of navicular bone

83
Q

What is the white arrow pointing to?

A

-Sagittal ridge

84
Q

What is circled?

A

-Synovial fossa
-Superimposed on medullary cavity

85
Q

What is the function of the hoof?

A

-Traction
-Shock absorption
-Support of skeletal column
-Protection of inner structures
-Venous return (peripheral pump)

86
Q

How does the hoof provide traction?

A

-Frog
-Shape of hoof (concave)
-Wall

87
Q

How does the hoof absorb shock?

A

-Digital cushion
-Ability to expand at heels

88
Q

How does the hoof support the skeletal column?

A

-Weight of horse transmitted via lamina to hoof wall
-Suspends P3

89
Q

How does the hoof protect inner structures?

A

-Periople protects from evaporation
-Hoof wall protects lamina

90
Q

How does the hoof provide venous return (peripheral pump)?

A

-Frog
-Digital cushion
-Collateral cartilages

2025 Anatomy II (6 decks)

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