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2025 Anatomy II > Exam 1: Lecture 3: Equine Pelvic Limb Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 3: Equine Pelvic Limb Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Each equine os coxae is compromised of three bones (& developmentally 4 bones), what are they?

A

-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubis
-Acetabular bone (developmentally)

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2
Q

What is highlighted in red?

A

Tuber sacrale (sacral tuber)

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3
Q

What is highlighted in blue?

A

Tuber coxae (coxal tuber)

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4
Q

What is highlighted in green?

A

Tuber ischii (ischiatic tuberosity)

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5
Q

What is number 1?

A

Tuber sacrale

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6
Q

What is number 2?

A

Tuber coxae

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7
Q

What is number 3?

A

Tuber ischii

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8
Q

What is number 4?

A

Greater trochanter

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9
Q

Where is the greater trochanter (Caudal part) located?

A

2/3 of distance between tuber coxae & tuber ischii

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10
Q

What is the blue star?

A

Ischial arch

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11
Q

What is the red star?

A

Tuber ischii

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12
Q

What is the green star?

A

Semimembranosus m.

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13
Q

What is the important ligament shown in blue?

A

-Sacrosciatic ligament

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14
Q

How does the sacrosciatic ligament attach to the ischiatic spine?

A

Greater & lesser sciatic foramina

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15
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

A

-Ventral border = Pectin pubis

-Lateral border = Arcuate line

-Dorsal border = Sacral promontory & wing of sacrum

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16
Q

Where is the Pectin pubis located?

A

-Between the (dorsal) pubic tubercle & iliopubic eminence

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17
Q

Where is the Arcuate line located?

A

-Ridge extending between the iliopubic eminence & auricular surface of the ilium

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18
Q

What is located midway along the arcuate line?

A

-A tuberosity for the insertion of the psoas minor muscle is located midway along this line

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19
Q

What is the weight-bearing bone of the metatarsal bones?

A

MT III (cannon bone)

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20
Q

The greater trochanter is divided into

A

Cranial & caudal parts

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21
Q

What is affiliated with the cranial part of the greater trochanter?

A

-Subtendinous bursa (trochanteric bursa)

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22
Q

What is highlighted in yellow?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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23
Q

What is the blue star indicating? (Be specific)

A

Cranial part of the greater trochanter

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24
Q

What is the red star indicating? (Be specific)

A

Caudal part of the greater trochanter

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25
Q

What is highlighted in yellow?

A

Third trochanter of the femur

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26
Q

What is highlighted in yellow?

A

Third trochanter of the femur

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27
Q

What muscle inserts in the third trochanter?

A

-Superficial gluteal m.

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28
Q

What part of the femur is highlighted in yellow? (as a whole)

A

-Trochlea

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29
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

Medial ridge of the trochlea

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30
Q

What is indicated by the red star?

A

Lateral ridge of the trochlea

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31
Q

What is indicated by the *?

A

A pronounced tubercle, how you can tell it is the medial trochlear ridge

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32
Q

The arrow on the left is demonstrating the ____ ____ of the patella and trochlear groove

A

Gliding surface

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33
Q

The arrow on the right is demonstrating the ___ ____ of the patella and trochlear groove

A

Resting surface

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34
Q

What is highlighted in blue?

A

The extensor groove of the tibia

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35
Q

What is shown by the blue *?

A

The extensor fossa of the femur

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36
Q

What muscle originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and passes through the extensor groove of the tibia?

A

-Long digital extensor m. & fibularis tertius m.

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37
Q

What is highlighted in yellow?

A

Supracondylar crest

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38
Q

What is the black arrow pointing to?

A

Lateral supracondylar tuberosity

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39
Q

The supracondylar fossa is the origin of what muscle?

A

Superficial digital flexor muscle

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40
Q

The lateral supracondylar crest is the origin of what muscle?

A

The lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

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41
Q

What is important about the fibula in horses and ruminants?

A

It is reduced (distal extremity is reduced & does not extend the full length of the crus)

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42
Q

What bone is shown?

A

Tibia & fibula

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43
Q

What is highlighted in yellow?

A

Lateral malleolus of the tibia

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44
Q

What is this area in yellow and what does it articulate with?

A

-Cochlea
-Articulates w/ the trochlea of the talus

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45
Q

What is number 2?

A

Talus

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46
Q

What is number 3?

A

Central tarsal

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47
Q

What is number 5?

A

Tarsal III

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48
Q

What is number 6?

A

Tarsal IV

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49
Q

What is number 1?

A

Calcaneus

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50
Q

What is number 2?

A

Talus

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51
Q

What is number 3?

A

Central tarsal

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52
Q

What is number 5?

A

Tarsal III

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53
Q

What is number 6?

A

Tarsal IV

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54
Q

What is 1?

A

Calcaneus

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55
Q

What is 1’?

A

Sustentaculum tali

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56
Q

What is 6?

A

Tarsal IV

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57
Q

What is 4?

A

Tarsal I & II (fused)

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58
Q

What is 1?

A

Calcaneus

59
Q

What is 2?

A

Talus

60
Q

What is 3?

A

Central tarsal

61
Q

What is 4?

A

Tarsal I & II (fused)

62
Q

What is 5?

A

Tarsal III

63
Q

What process is indicated by the arrow & what inserts here?

A

-Calcanean tuber
-Common calcanean tendon

64
Q

In the tarsus, the fused tarsal bones I & II articulate with what metatarsal bones?

A

MT II & III

65
Q

Tarsal bone III articulates with

A

MT III

66
Q

Tarsal bone IV articulates with

A

MT III & IV

67
Q

MT III is also known as

A

Cannon bone

68
Q

MT II & IV are also known as

A

Medial/lateral splint bones

69
Q

The proximal phalanx is also known as

A

-P1 (Long pastern)

70
Q

The middle phalanx is also known as

A

-P2 (Short pastern)

71
Q

The distal phalanx is also known as

A

-P3 (coffin)

72
Q

Where are the sesamoid bones in the distal thoracic limb?

A

-Proximal, paired (at metatarsophalangeal joint)

-Distal (at distal interphalangeal joint)

73
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 1?

A

Greater trochanter

74
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 2?

A

Third trochanter

75
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 3?

A

Patella

76
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 4?

A

Tibial tuberosity

77
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 5?

A

Tibial crest

78
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 6?

A

Medial malleolus

79
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 7?

A

Lateral malleolus

80
Q

What palpable landmark is indicated by number 8?

A

Tuber calcaneii

81
Q

What makes up the sacroiliac joint?

A

Articulation between:
-Auricular surface of wing of sacrum
-Auricular surface of ilium

82
Q

Excessive strain can lead to ligament tears and dislocation of ____ joint, also known as _____

A

-Sacroiliac (SI) joint
-Also known as Hunter’s bump

83
Q

What makes up the coxal joint?

A

-Articulation of femoral head w/ acetabulum of os coxa

84
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

-Deep depression that receives the head of the femur in formation of coxal joint

85
Q

What is the acetabulum composed of?

A

-Ilium, ischium, pubis, & acetabular bone (developmentally)

86
Q

Various bony components of the acetabulum are ______ in the adult

A

-Not distinguishable

87
Q

Fibrocartilage extends the rim & deepens the acetabulum and is referred to as the

A

Labrum

88
Q

The acetabulum is notched ____ & spanned by the ______ ______ ligament

A

-Notched ventrally
-transverse acetabular ligament

89
Q

What part of the acetabulum is highlighted?

A

Semilunar, smooth surface

90
Q

What part of the acetabulum is shown by the *?

A

Acetabular fossa

91
Q

The acetabular fossa is the attachment site of

A

ligament of the femoral head

92
Q

Equines have ____ femoral ligaments

A

Two

93
Q

What do the femoral ligaments do?

A

-Offer a high level of stability
-Secures against luxation

94
Q

Where are the femoral ligaments located?

A

-Both pass deep to transverse acetabular ligament & insert on fovea capitis of head of the femur

95
Q

The ligament of the femoral head extends from ______ to _____

A

From Fovea capitis of femus to acetabualr fossa

96
Q

What is indicated by the *?

A

Fovea capitis of femur

97
Q

Which ligament is unique to equine species and detaches from prepubic tendon?

A

Accessory ligament (AL)

98
Q

What does the accessory ligament do?

A

-Restricts movement & stabilizes the joint
-Somewhat restricts abduction of the limb at the coxal joint

99
Q

Where is the coxal joint located?

A

-About 2/3 the distance between the tuber coxae & tuber ischii, slightly cranioventral to caudal part of greater trochanter

100
Q

What type of joint is the equine stifle joint?

A

-Compound joint (articulations between multiple bones)

101
Q

Bony articular surfaces of the stifle joint are

A

Incongruent & unstable
-Rounded femoral condyles + flat tibial condyles = not congruent
-Accessory structures required for congruency & stability

102
Q

There is no ____ ligament in the stifle joint of large animals

A

Transverse ligament

103
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Medial collateral lig.

104
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Medial meniscus

105
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Caudal cruciate ligament

106
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

107
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Popliteus m.

108
Q

What is shown by the blue star?

A

Meniscofemoral ligament

109
Q

In the horse & ox, the patella is attached to the tibial tuberosity by ____ patellar ligaments

A

Three

110
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

The three patellar ligaments

111
Q

What is M?

A

Medial patellar ligament

112
Q

What is I?

A

Intermediate, or middle patellar ligament

113
Q

What is L?

A

Lateral patellar ligament

114
Q

How can you tell the medial patellar ligament from the lateral patellar ligament?

A

Medial is with the medial ridge of the trochlea of the femur, which is larger

115
Q

What is indicated by the *?

A

Parapatellar fibrocartilage

116
Q

Where is the parapatellar fibrocartilage?

A

Interposed between the medial patellar ligament & patella

117
Q

What is the purpose of the parapatellar fibrocartilage?

A

Important for patellar locking mechanism

118
Q

The femorotibial joint has ___ synovial compartments

A

Two: medial & lateral

119
Q

The femoropatellar joint has a _____ synovial compartment

A

Large, undivided

120
Q

Which stifle joint synovial compartments USUALLY communicate?

A

Femoropatellar –> medial femorotibial

121
Q

Which stifle joint synovial compartments SOMETIMES communicate (25%)?

A

Femoropatellar –> lateral femorotibial

122
Q

Which stifle joint synovial compartments do not communicate?

A

Medial femorotibial –> lateral femorotibial

123
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Patellar fat pad

124
Q

What joint is this? (indicated by all the arrows)

A

Stifle joint

125
Q

What is the palpable structure indicated by 1?

A

Tibial tuberosity

126
Q

What is the palpable structure indicated by 2?

A

Patellar ligaments

127
Q

What is the palpable structure indicated by 3?

A

Patella

128
Q

How do you find the stifle joint for palpation?

A

-Locate the tibial tuberosity proximocranial to the bulge of crural muscles & work proximally

-Also note the patella is close to the fold of the flank

129
Q

What is 1?

A

Tibial tuberosity

130
Q

What is 2?

A

Patellar ligaments

131
Q

What is 3?

A

Patella

132
Q

What joint is indicated by A?

A

Tibiotarsal (tarsocrural) joint

133
Q

Where does the tarsocrural joint sit?

A

Between the tibia & talus

134
Q

Which of the tarsal joints has the greatest degree of movement?

A

Tarsocrural joint

135
Q

What joint is indicated by B (purple line)?

A

Proximal intertarsal joint (little to no movement)

136
Q

Where is the proximal intertarsal joint located?

A

Between the talus & calcaneus & central & 4th tarsal bones

137
Q

What joint is indicated by C (green line)?

A

Distal intertarsal joint (little to no movement)

138
Q

Where is the distal intertarsal joint located?

A

Between the central & fused 1st/2nd & 3rd tarsal bones

139
Q

What is indicated by D (brown line)?

A

Tarsometatarsal joint (little to no movement)

140
Q

Where is the tarsometatarsal joint located?

A

Between tarsus & metatarsus

141
Q

What is the yellow highlight indicating?

A

-Common outer fibrous joint capsule w/ synovial membrane attached around the articular margins of each component joint

142
Q

Which tarsal joints communicate freely ALWAYS?

A

Tarsocrural joint & proximal intertarsal joint

143
Q

Which tarsal joints RARELY communicate?

A

Proximal intertarsal joint & distal intertarsal joint

144
Q

Which tarsal joints communicate ~40% of the time?

A

Distal intertarsal joint & tarsometatarsal joint

2025 Anatomy II (6 decks)

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