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2025 Anatomy II > Exam 1: Lecture 4: Equine Pelvic Limb 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 4: Equine Pelvic Limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the gluteal muscles do in equines?

A

-Large gluteal muscles
-Collectively act to extend, abduct, & medially rotate the limb at the coxal joint

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2
Q

The caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles in equines have ____ heads

A

Vertebral

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3
Q

What do the caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles in equines do?

A

-Collectively act in extension of coxal joint & flexion of stifle when non-weight bearing

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4
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Middle gluteal m.

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5
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Superficial gluteal m.

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6
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Biceps femoris m.

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7
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Semitendinosus m.

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8
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Semimembranosus m.

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9
Q

What is the origin of the superficial gluteal m.?

A

Tuber coxae & gluteal fascia

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10
Q

What is the insertion of the superficial gluteal m.?

A

Third trochanter

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11
Q

What is the origin of the middle gluteal m.?

A

-Gluteal surface of ilium, tuber coxae, sacrosciatic ligament

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12
Q

What is the insertion of the middle gluteal m.?

A

-Greater trochanter (caudal part); proximal femur between greater & third trochanters

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13
Q

How many parts does the middle gluteal muscle have?

A

2 parts

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14
Q

What is located in the middle gluteal muscle?

A

trochanteric bursa where tendon of insertion passes over cranial part of greater trochanter

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15
Q

What is the origin of the deep gluteal m.?

A

Body of ilium, ischiatic spine

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16
Q

What is the insertion of the deep gluteal m.?

A

Greater trochanter (cranial part)

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17
Q

What muscles make up the caudal thigh (“Hamstring”) muscles?

A

-Biceps femoris m.
-Semitendinosus m.
-Semimembranosus m.

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18
Q

All the caudal thigh muscles take partial origin from _____, but have additional (more proximal) _____

A

Tuber ischii (pelvic origin), vertebral origins

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19
Q

What is number 1?

A

Biceps femoris m.

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20
Q

What is number 2?

A

Semitendinosus m.

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21
Q

What is number 3?

A

Semimembranosus m.

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22
Q

How many parts does biceps femoris m. have in equines?

A

3 parts

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23
Q

Where does biceps femoris m. insert?

A

-Patella & lateral patellar lig. (1)
-Cranial border of tibia (lateral aspect) (2)
-Crural fascia & tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon (3)

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24
Q

Where does semitendinosus m. insert?

A

-On cranial border of tibia (medial aspect) & tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon

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25
Q

Where does semimembranosus m. insert?

A

-On medial epicondyle of femur & medial collateral ligament of stifle

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26
Q

What is A?

A

Gluteal mm.

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27
Q

What is B?

A

Biceps femoris m. (3 parts)

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28
Q

What is C?

A

Semitendinosus m.

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29
Q

Biceps femoris m. & semitendinosus m. are innervated by

A

Caudal gluteal n.

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30
Q

Biceps femoris m., semitendinosus m., and semimembranosus m. are innervated by

A

Sciatic n.

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31
Q

Tensor fasciae latae m., deep gluteal m., middle gluteal m. & superficial gluteal m. are innervated by

A

Cranial gluteal n.

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32
Q

Middle gluteal m., superficial gluteal m., Biceps femoris m., and semitendinosus m. are innervated by

A

Caudal gluteal n.

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33
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Semitendinosus m.

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34
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Biceps femoris m.

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35
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Superficial gluteal m.

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36
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Middle gluteal m.

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37
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

Tensor fasciae latae m.

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38
Q

What muscle is indicated by the purple arrows?

A

Sartorius m.

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39
Q

What muscle is indicated by the yellow arrows?

A

Gracilis m.

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40
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue arrows?

A

Adductor m.

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41
Q

What muscle is indicated by the green arrow?

A

Pectineus m.

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42
Q

What is the origin of Sartorius m.?

A

Psoas fascia & tendon

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43
Q

What is the insertion of Sartorius m.?

A

Medial aspect of stifle

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44
Q

What is the origin of Gracilis m.?

A

Pelvic symphysis via symphyseal tendon

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45
Q

What is the insertion of Gracilis m.?

A

Medial aspect of stifle, cranial border of the tibia

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46
Q

What is the origin of Adductor m.?

A

Ventral surface of pubis & ischiium, symphyseal tendon

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47
Q

What is the insertion of Adductor m.?

A

Caudal aspect of & medial epicondyle of femur

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48
Q

What is the origin of Pectineus m.?

A

Margin of pubic (pecten)

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49
Q

What is the insertion of Pectineus m.?

A

Medial surface of femur

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50
Q

What nerve is Gracilis, Adductor, and Pectineus innervated by?

A

Obturator nerve

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51
Q

What nerve is sartorius m. innervated by?

A

Saphenous n. (branch of femoral n.)

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52
Q

The ____ m. forms the caudal border of the femoral triangle and the ____ m. forms the cranial border

A

Pectineus m. (caudal border), Sartorius m. (cranial border)

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53
Q

The femoral n. emerges from the ____ m.

A

Iliopsoas m.

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54
Q

The obturator n. passes through the

A

Obturator foramen

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55
Q

What muscles are the lateral rotators of the hip?

A

-External obturator m.
-Internal obturator m.
-Gemelli m.
-Quadratus femoris m.

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56
Q

Where do the lateral rotators of the hip insert?

A

In the trochanteric fossa & trochanteric crest of the femus

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57
Q

What muscle is indicated by the top arrow?

A

External obturator m.

58
Q

What muscle is indicated by the bottom arrow?

A

Quadratus femoris m.

59
Q

What is the internal obturator m.?

A

-Pelvic floor muscle
-Dorsal to obturator foramen

60
Q

Where does the tendon of insertion for internal obturator m. pass over?

A

The lesser ischiatic notch

61
Q

Where does the Gemelli m. originate?

A

-From ischium, ventral to lesser ischiatic notch

62
Q

What is important to note about the Gemelli m.?

A

-Appears to be two identical mm. on either side of internal obturator tendon

63
Q

Where does quadratus femoris m. originate?

A

-From ventral aspect of ilium, inserts on trochanteric crest of femur

64
Q

What muscles make up the quadreceps femoris muscle group?

A

-Rectus femoris m.
-Vastus lateralis m.
-Vastus medialis m.
-Vastus intermedius m.

65
Q

What muscles are extensors of the stifle?

A

Quadriceps femoris muscle group

66
Q

Where does the quadriceps femoris muscle group insert?

A

-All insert on the patella, and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligaments (1,2,3)

67
Q

Where does rectus femoris originate?

A

From body of ilium (rectus femoris area), craniodorsal to acetabulum

68
Q

What is the only muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle group that crosses the hip joint?

A

Rectus femoris m.

69
Q

What is the action of rectus femoris m.?

A

Flexes the hip joint

70
Q

Where does vastus muscles originate from?

A

Proximal aspect of femur

71
Q

What muscle is indicated by the *?

A

Rectus femoris m.

72
Q

What muscle is indicated by the *?

A

Rectus femoris m.

73
Q

What muscle is covered by the white lines?

A

Vastus medialis m.

74
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the crus in large animals?

A

Long digital extensor

75
Q

What muscle is located deep to other craniolateral mm. and sits right against the tibia?

A

Cranial tibial m.

76
Q

What muscle is a fibrous band in horses?

A

Fibularis tertius m.

77
Q

What muscle is present in large animals and cats and contributes to the common calcanean tendon?

A

Soleus m.

78
Q

What muscles in equines are equivalent to the common & lateral digital extensor mm. of thoracic limb?

A

Long & lateral digital extensor mm.

79
Q

The equine lateral digital extensor tendon joins the tendon of

A

Long digital extensor m.

80
Q

What is the collective action of the cranial muscles of the crus?

A

Flexion of hock

81
Q

What are the cranial muscles of the crus?

A

-Cranial tibial m.
-Long digital extensor m.
-Fibularis tertius m.

82
Q

What muscle is indicated by the top arrow?

A

Cranial tibial m.

83
Q

What muscle is indicated by the middle arrow?

A

Long digital extensor m.

84
Q

What muscle is indicated by the bottom arrow?

A

Fibularis tertius m.

85
Q

What is the origin of cranial tibial m.?

A

Lateral condyle of tibia

86
Q

What is the insertion of the cranial tibial m.?

A

-Dorsal tendon: metatarsal tuberosity
-Medial tendon (aka cunean tendon): fused tarsal bones I & II

87
Q

What is shown by the x?

A

Metatarsal tuberosity

88
Q

What is shown by the x?

A

Fused tarsal bones I & II

89
Q

What is affiliated with the medial tendon of the cranial tibial m.?

A

Cunean bursa

90
Q

Where is the cunean bursa located?

A

Between the cunean tendon & the underlying medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joints

91
Q

What is shown by the yellow highlight?

A

Cunean bursa

92
Q

What is the origin of fibularis tertius m.?

A

-Extensor fossa of femur, in common w/ long digital extensor m.
-Passes through extensor groove of tibia

93
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis tertius m.?

A

-Dorsal tendon: Tarsal bone III, Metatarsal bone III
-Lateral tendon: Calcaneus, Tarsal bone IV

94
Q

Fibularis tertius m. forms a “tunnel” through which the tendon of _____ passes

A

Cranial tibial m.

95
Q

What is the origin of the long digital extensor m.?

A

-Extensor fossa of femur, in common w/ long fibularis tertius m.,; passes through extensor groove of tibia

96
Q

What is the insertion of long digital extensor m.?

A

-Extensor process of distal phalanx III

97
Q

What is the action of long digital extensor m.?

A

Flexes hock and extends digit

98
Q

What nerve innervates the long & lateral digital extensors m.?

A

Common fibular n.

99
Q

The tendons of the long & lateral digital extensor mm. unite at

A

-Level of the metatarsus, distal to the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

100
Q

What is the origin of the lateral digital extensor m.?

A

-Lateral collateral ligament of stifle

101
Q

What is the insertion of the lateral digital extensor m.?

A

-Extensor process of distal phalanx III

102
Q

What is the action of the lateral digital extensor m.?

A

Flexes hock and extends digit

103
Q

What is indicated by A?

A

-Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum

104
Q

What is indicated by B?

A

-Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum

105
Q

What is indicated by C?

A

-Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

106
Q

What is contained within the crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum?

A

-Long digital extensor m.
-Fibularis tertius m.
-Cranial tibial tendons

107
Q

What is contained within the tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum?

A

-Long digital extensor tendon

108
Q

What is contained within the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum?

A

-Long digital extensor tendon
-Lateral digital extensor tendon

109
Q

What is shown by A?

A

Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum

110
Q

What is shown by B?

A

Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum

111
Q

What is shown by C?

A

Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

112
Q

Where can the short digital extensor be seen?

A

-Between the tarsal & metatarsal extensor retinaculum & intermediate to the tendons of the long & lateral digital extensor muscles

113
Q

What is indicated by the yellow star?

A

Short digital extensor m.

114
Q

What are the caudal muscles of the crus?

A

-DDF
-SDF
-Gastrocnemius m.
-Soleus m.
-Lateral digital flexor m.

115
Q

What is the collective action of the caudal muscles of the crus?

A

Extension of hock

116
Q

What nerve innervates the caudal muscles of the crus?

A

Tibial n.

117
Q

What is the origin of the gastrocnemius & soleus mm.?

A

-Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur & medial supracondylar tuberosity of femur

118
Q

What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius & soleus mm.?

A

-Calcaneal tuber

119
Q

What muscle is indicated by the green arrows?

A

Gastrocnemius m.

120
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

Soleus m.

121
Q

What muscle is indicated by the top arrow?

A

Popliteus m.

122
Q

What muscle is indicated by the bottom 2 arrows?

A

DDF

123
Q

What is the origin of SDF?

A

Supracondylar fossa of femur

124
Q

What is the insertion of SDF?

A

-Calcaneal tuber
-Eminences on palmar & distal aspect of proximal phalanx & proximal aspect of middle phalanx

125
Q

What is the action of SDF?

A

-Extension of hock
-Flexion of fetlock & pastern joints
-Counteracts flexion of pastern joint when weight bearing

126
Q

What is the origin of the DDF?

A

-Lateral condyle of tibia & caudal proximal surface of tibia

127
Q

What is the insertion of DDF?

A

-Flexor surface of distal phalanx

128
Q

What is the action of DDF?

A

-Extension of hock & flexion of all digital joints

129
Q

What is the yellow line?

A

Semilunar line

130
Q

Where is the calcanean bursae?

A

-Subcutaneous between skin & SDF tendon; subtendinous located deep to SDF tendon where it passes over the point of the hock

131
Q

Where is the tarsal sheath?

A

-Surrounds the lateral digital flexor tendon from ~2-3 inches proximal to medial malleolus to a quarter of the way down the metatarsus

132
Q

Where is the digital sheath?

A

-Surrounds the tendons of the SDF & DDF proximal & distal to the fetlock
-Extends from distal quarter of cannon bone (MT III) to middle of short pastern bone (P2)

133
Q

What are the major components of the reciprocal apparatus?

A

-SDF
-Fibularis tertius m.

134
Q

What does the reciprocal apparatus do?

A

-Basically converts the limb into a pantograph where the femur & metatarsus move in parallel
-Links action between stifle & hock

135
Q

What is the most characteristic diagnostic feature of a fibularis tertius rupture?

A

-Ability to extend hock when stifle is flexed

-Animal is lame but can usually bear weight on the limb (affected limb exhibits jerking motion as it is brought forward)

136
Q

What is passive stay?

A

-If stifle can be locked in extension, would lock hock in extension as well

-Use of fibrous components to conserve muscle energy

137
Q

How is passive stay accomplished?

A

-Patellar locking mechanism

138
Q

What is the patellar locking mechanism?

A

-Patella is pulled into resting surface of tubercle of medial trochlear ridge via quadriceps femoris m.
-Medial & intermediate patellar lig. form a loop around medial trochlear ridge
-Medial rotation of patella locks it in place on resting surface

139
Q

What is the clinical condition in which the patella becomes locked in position on the trochlear resting surface?

A

-Upward fixation of patella
-Commonly referred to as a “stifled horse”

140
Q

What can cause an upward fixation of patella?

A

-Most likely a neuromuscular disorder or spasm of medial thigh muscles

2025 Anatomy II (6 decks)

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