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2025 Anatomy II > Exam 1: Lecture 10: Equine trunk Osteology & Myology > Flashcards

Exam 1: Lecture 10: Equine trunk Osteology & Myology Flashcards

1
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are in horses?

A

-18 (+/- 1)

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2
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinous process

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3
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Transverse process

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4
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costal fovea of transverse process

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5
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cranial costal fovea

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6
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Body

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7
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vertebral foramen

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8
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cranial articular surface

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9
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinous process

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10
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Transverse process

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11
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costal fovea of transverse process

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12
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cranial articular process

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13
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cranial costal fovea

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14
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Body

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15
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudal costal fovea

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16
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Lateral vertebral foramen

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17
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudal articular process

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18
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudal articular surface

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19
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vertebral foramen

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20
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudal costal fovea

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21
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Body

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22
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ventral crest

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23
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Transverse process

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24
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinous process

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25
Q

What forms the borders of the thoracic inlet?

A

-Disc between C7 & T1
-First ribs
-First costal cartilages
-Manubrium of the sternum

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26
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Long thoracic nerve (cut)

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27
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Brachial plexus (cut)

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28
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Axillary a.

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29
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Axillary v.

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30
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Caudal deep cervical lymph nodes

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31
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Superficial cervical a.

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32
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cervical lobe od thymus gland

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33
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Recurrent laryngeal n.

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34
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Common carotid a.

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35
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vagosympathetic trunk

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36
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-External jugular v.

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37
Q

What are the sternal ribs in horses?

A

-Ribs 1-8
-Cartilage of ribs join directly with the sternum

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38
Q

What are the asternal ribs in horses?

A

-Ribs 9-18
-Cartilage joins w/ previous cartilage

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39
Q

What are the floating ribs in horses?

A

-Horses have no floating ribs

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40
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Articular surface of the head

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41
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Head

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42
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Articular surface of tubercle

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43
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Tubercle

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44
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Body

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45
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Neck

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46
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Supraspinous ligament

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47
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinous process

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48
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Cranial articular process

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49
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Transverse process

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50
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costal tubercle

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51
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costotransverse articulation

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52
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinal cord

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53
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Head of rib

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54
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Articulation of the costal head

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55
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Pulpy nucleus

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56
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Fibrous ring

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57
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ventral longitudinal ligament

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58
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ligament of the head

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59
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Intercapital ligament

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60
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Dorsal longitudinal ligament with synovial bursa

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61
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costotransverse ligament

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62
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ligament of the tubercle

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63
Q

What is indicated by the dashed yellow line?

A

-Costal arch

64
Q

What is indicated by the blue stars?

A

-Expaxial mm.

65
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Withers

66
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Costal arch

67
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Xiphoid process & cartilage

68
Q

What area is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Flank area

69
Q

What is represented by the 3 red arrows?

A

-Sternum (Keel shaped)

70
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Manubrium of the sternum

71
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Body of the sternum

72
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Xiphoid process and cartilage of the sternum

73
Q

What part of the sternum is palpable?

A

-Manubrium of the sternum (palpate between the pectoral muscles)

74
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrows?

A

-Lateral vertebral foramen

75
Q

What is indicated by the red arrows?

A

-Nutrient foramen

76
Q

What is the clinical condition in horses shown by these photos?

A

-Kissing spine

77
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Nuchal ligament

78
Q

the nuchal ligament is the continuation of what ligament?

A

-Supraspinous ligament

79
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Rhomboideus m.

80
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Dorsoscapular ligament (connective ligament like a lamina)

81
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Supraspinous ligament

82
Q

What is indicated by the green arrow and highlight?

A

-Supraspinous bursa

83
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

-Fistulous withers
-Bursitis & infection of supraspinous bursa (likely from an ill-fitting saddle)

84
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the horse?

A

-Usually 6, but 5 have been reported in donkeys, Arabian horses, Przewalski horses, and mule

85
Q

What are the important characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae spinous processes in horses?

A

-Length increases to the 3rd of 4th then decreases to the last
-First 2 curve caudally, last 2 curve cranially
-L5 articulates w/ L6, L6 articulates w/ the sacrum

86
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Spinous process

87
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Cranial articular process

88
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Transverse process (also called costal process)

89
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Caudal vertebral notch

90
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Articular surface on transverse process

91
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Vertebral foramen

92
Q

What bony prominence is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Caudal articular process

93
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Mamillary process

94
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Cranial articular process

95
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Cranial vertebral notch

96
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Body

97
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Transverse process (long)

98
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Caudal vertebral notch

99
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Caudal articular process

100
Q

What bony prominence of the lumbar vertebrae is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Spinous process (very robust)

101
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Dorsal longitudinal ligament

102
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Intervertebral disk

103
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ventral longitudinal ligament

104
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vertebral body

105
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vertebral canal

106
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Intervertebral foramen

107
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Ligamentum flavum

108
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Vertebral arch

109
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Spinous process

110
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Interspinous ligament

111
Q

What part of the lumbar spinal cord is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Supraspinous ligament

112
Q

Where are there joints in the spinal cord of a horse?

A

-Between the transverse processes of L5 & L6
-Between the transverse processes of L6 & S1
-Between the transverse process of L6 & wing of sacrum

113
Q

Sacrum usually has ____ vertebrae fused together

A

-5

114
Q

The spinous processes of the median sacral crest are

A

-Partially fused together

115
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Serratus ventralis m. thoracic part

116
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Rectus thoracic m.

117
Q

What is important about the rectus thoracic m.?

A

-goes from lateral surface of 1st rib to the cartilage of the 4th rib
-Action: draw cartilages & ribs cranially & laterally to assist in inspiration

118
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Serratus dorsalis cranialis m.

119
Q

What muscle is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Serratus dorsalis caudalis m.

120
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of serratus dorsalis cranialis m.?

A

-From thoracolumbar fascia to lateral surfaces of the ribs
-Action: Draw the ribs cranially & laterally assisting in inspiration

121
Q

What is the OIA of Serratus dorsalis caudalis m.?

A

-From thoracolumbar fascia to lateral surfaces of the last 7 or 8 ribs in the horse
-Action: Draw the ribs caudally assisting in expiration

122
Q

How are the fibers of the external intercostal mm. oriented?

A

-Caudoventrally

123
Q

How are the fibers of the internal intercostal mm. oriented?

A

-Cranioventrally

124
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Tunica flava abdominis (abdominal tunic)

125
Q

What is important about the tunica flava abdominis?

A

-Deep fascial sheet of elastic tissue
-Assists abdominal mm. in supporting the weight of abdominal viscera
-Ventrally covers & adheres to aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique m.
-Laterally covers external abdominal oblique m., external intercostal mm., & serratus ventralis thoracis m.

126
Q

What happens to the tunica flava when you cut it?

A

-Tends to curl b/c it is elastic -> avoid making incisions near this

127
Q

What is the OIA of the external abdominal oblique m.?

A

-O: Lateral surfaces of 4th-18th ribs & fascia over external intercostal mm.; thoracolumbar fascia

-I: Linea alba & prepubic tendon, coxal tuber & body of ilium

-Innervation: Ventral branches of thoracic & lumbar spinal nn.

-A: Compress abdominal viscera (in defecation, urination, parturition & expiration) & flex the trunk

128
Q

How are the fibers of the external abdominal oblique m. oriented?

A

-Ventrocaudally

129
Q

What muscle is this?

A

-External abdominal oblique m.

130
Q

What structure is this?

A

-Tunica flava abdominis (VERY attached to the muscle)

131
Q

What are the OIAs of the internal abdominal oblique m.?

A

-O: Coxal tuber & adjacent part of inguinal lig.

-I: Cartilages of last 4-5 ribs, linea alba & prepubic tendon

-Innervation: Ventral branches of thoracic & lumbar spinal nn.

-A: Compress abdominal viscera, as in defecation, urination, parturition & expiration; flex trunk

132
Q

How are the fibers of the internal abdominal oblique m. oriented?

A

-Cranially & medially

133
Q

What muscle is highlighted?

A

-Internal abdominal oblique m.

134
Q

What is the OIA of transversus abdominis m.?

A

-O: Medial surface of ventral ends of asternal ribs & transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae via thoracolumbar fascia

-I: Xiphoid cartilage & linea alba

-Innervation: Ventral branches of thoracic & lumbar spinal nn.

-A: Compress abdominal viscera (in defecation, urination, parturition & expiration); flex trunk

135
Q

How are the fibers of the transversus abdominis m. oriented?

A

-Dorsal part is muscular, ventral part is aponeurotic

136
Q

What muscle is highlighted?

A

-Transverse abdominal oblique m.

137
Q

What artery is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Deep circumflex iliac a.

138
Q

What nerve is indicated by the blue star?

A

-T18 n. (Costoabdominal n.)

139
Q

What nerve is indicated by the blue star?

A

-T17 n.

140
Q

What area is shown inside the yellow dashed line?

A

-Parietal peritoneum

141
Q

What is shown by the red arrow?

A

-Last rib

142
Q

What is shown by the blue arrow?

A

-Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

143
Q

What is shown by the yellow arrow?

A

-Coxal tuber

144
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

-Transverse processes & lumbar mm.

145
Q

What is indicated by the yellow arrow?

A

-Coxal tuber

146
Q

What is indicated by the yellow *?

A

-Paralumbar fossa

147
Q

What artery branches are demonstrated by the red lines?

A

-Deep circumflex iliac a. (dorsal & ventral branches)

148
Q

What is the OIA of rectus abdominus m.?

A

-O: Cartilages of 4th or 5th-9th ribs & adjacent surface of sternum

-I: Pubis via prepubic tendon

-Innervation: Ventral branches of thoracic & lumbar spinal nn.

-A: Abdominal compression; flex lumbosacral joints & lumbar and thoracic parts of spine

149
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Prepubic tendon

150
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Superficial inguinal ring (slit shaped openings in prepubic tendon)

151
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Inguinal lig. (lateral boundary of superficial inguinal ring)

152
Q

What is indicated by the blue star?

A

-Accessory ligament (not present in dogs -> strong ligaments that limit the abduction of the coxal joint)

153
Q

What is demonstrated by the top blue arrow?

A

-Linea alba

154
Q

What is demonstrated by the bottom blue arrow?

A

-Umbilicus

155
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

-Median fibrous raphe extending from xiphoid cartilage to prepubic tendon
-Formed by junction of aponeuroses of external abdominal, internal abdominal & transversus abdominis mm.

156
Q

Where do you open the abdomen in horses?

A

-Linea alba

2025 Anatomy II (11 decks)

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