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SPHP 146 Louney > Exam 1- Learning Theories (ch. 3) > Flashcards

Exam 1- Learning Theories (ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Learning

A

The process and mental structures by which people accumulate experiences and make them into new meanings.

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2
Q

What are the four learning theories that apply to speech pathology?

A
  1. Behaviorism
  2. Cognitive
  3. Humanistic/Experiential
  4. Social Orientation
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3
Q

What does an ABA tutor/behaviorist do?

A

Helps to get the underlying skills going that are needed for speech and language therapy, such as attention, focus, matching abilities, etc…

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4
Q

What does matching help a child do?

A

Link symbols to sounds, and categorize objects.

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5
Q

What will help you in the therapy room with clients of all ages? (hint: behavior)

A

Understanding how to manipulate behavior to achieve therapy.

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6
Q

What are the guidelines for an orderly and sensible learning environment? (Where do you start?)

A

Concrete –> Abstract
(Language: literal vs. figurative statements)

General –> Specific (??)

Simple –> Complex

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7
Q

Define behaviorism

A

Looks at overt behaviors that can be OBSERVED and MEASURED.

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8
Q

What does behaviorism NOT consider?

A

Thought, maturity, or development.

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9
Q

Who are three names associated with behaviorism?

A

Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner

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10
Q

Who is the father of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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11
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Training in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned response.
(E.g., dogs salivating at the ring of a bell)

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12
Q

What did John B. Watson believe?

A

That practice strengthened learning

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13
Q

What did B.F. Skinner believe?

A

That every action is driven by a reward; no thinking is involved.

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14
Q

What are the four behavior techniques which appeal to the behaviorist?

A
  1. Prompting
  2. Cueing
  3. Reinforcements
  4. Task Analysis
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15
Q

What is the Cognitive Learning Theory?

A

This theory views learning as involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information.

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16
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage, 0-2 years
  2. Preoperational Stage, 2-7 years
  3. Concrete Operational Stage, 7-12 years
  4. Formal Operational Stage, 12+ years
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17
Q

Describe the Sensory Motor Period

A
  • From birth to 2 years
  • Early on, consists of motor reflexes (0-1 year)
  • Later in the stage, children learn through touch and movement (1-2 years)
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18
Q

Describe the Preoperational Period

A
  • From 2-7 years
  • Acquire representational skills (symbols) in areas of language, mental imagery, and drawing.
  • Figurative play develops.
  • The greatest increase during this stage is LANGUAGE!
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19
Q

Describe the Concrete Operational Period

A
  • From 7-12 years.
  • Develop more abstract ways of thinking.
  • Learn quantity & time.
  • Theory of conservation develops (container volume)
  • Begins to take others’ points of view
  • Transition into adult-like thought & understand humor.
20
Q

Describe the Formal Operational Period

A
  • Begins around age 12 and goes into adulthood.
  • Develops the ability to reason on the basis of theoretical possibilities as well as concrete realities.
  • Hypothetical thought.
  • Executive function.
21
Q

What does progressing from one stage of develop to the next require?

A
  • Assimilation
  • Accomodation
  • Equilibration
22
Q

What is “assimilation”?

A

Where we begin

  • The ability to manipulate new information so that it fits with your existing experiences/way of thinking.
  • E.g., A little boy who thinks that a pregnant woman’s belly is a basketball under her shirt, because he’s seen his older brother put the basketball under his shirt while playing basketball.
23
Q

What is “accommodation”?

A

“The shift”

  • You accomodate your thinking when you have new experiences
  • Your new experience tells you that the NEW assumptions, conditions, and circumstances may apply to other similar situations.

-E.g., Someone explains to the little boy that it’s a baby, not a basketball.

24
Q

What is “equilibration”?

A

Where we end up; encompasses btoh assimilation and accommodation.

  • You become satisfied with your new knowledge and information processing.
  • E.g., the little boy now understands that when he sees a big tummy, it can be a basketball, or a baby.
25
Q

What is “disequilibration”?

A
  • When you realize you don’t know everything, become dissatisfied with your level of assimilation, and the process starts all over again (back to assimilation)
  • This is how we advance our thinking about things.
26
Q

Why are the stages of development important for SLPs to understand?

A

Understanding these gives us knowledge of “typical” cognitive behavior.

Provides a point of reference for us to compare the client’s developmental data with.

Provides support and direction for our expectations of our clients.

27
Q

Who is the father of the Humanistic/Experiential Orientation to Learning?

A

Abraham Maslow

28
Q

According to Maslow, the primary phenomena in learning is ______________.

A

Experience

29
Q

From the bottom up, list & describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A

(from BOTTOM UP)

  1. Physiological (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, & excetion)
  2. Safety (security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, wealth, & property)
  3. Love/Belonging (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)
  4. Esteem (self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect for and by others)
  5. Self Actualization (morality, creativity, problem solving, acceptance)
30
Q

Who are the two psychologists of the Humanistic/Experiential approach to learning?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

31
Q

According to Maslow, regarding the hierarchy, learning is difficult if…

A

…if the lower-order needs are not first met.

(AKA the primary functions… Think Oldenburg! Speech is a SECONDARY function that is not going to be focused on unless the primary, biological functions are taken care of.)

32
Q

According to Carl Rogers, when does learning occur best?

A

When…

1) The topic is relevant and meaningful
2) Threat to self is low
3) Learning is self-initiated

33
Q

Why is knowing when learning occurs best is important or SLPs?

A
  • For creating physical climates that meet the client’s needs
  • For maintaining a supportive emotional climate
  • For developing challenging & meaningful activities
34
Q

Who is the father of the Social Orientation to learning? (Social Learning Theory)

A

Lev Vygotsky

35
Q

What did Vygotsky believe about social interaction?

A
  • Social interactions influence cognitive development; interactions are vital
  • We learn by interacting with more competent persons
  • Teacher and peer guidance assist self-directed learning
36
Q

What are four therapy techniques that appeal to the Social Orientations Learning theory?

A
  1. Description: adult labels what he/she believes the child is seeing
  2. Self-talk: adult describes what he/she is doing
  3. Parallel Talk: describe what the child is doing
  4. Expansions: additions to the child’s utterance
37
Q

Application!

Thinking about the Social Orientation theory, why might group therapy be problematic?

A

Because children learn from their peers, and in group therapy their peers may not be modeling good pragmatics, language, speech, etc…

38
Q

Define learning styles

A

The way an individual receives, processes, & internalizes new and challenging information

39
Q

How are individual learning styles acquired?

A

Through inherited traits, family upbringing, and environment

40
Q

True or False: Learning styles of an individual cannot change over time.

A

False. An individual’s learning style may change with time.

41
Q

What are the two processing styles?

A
  1. Global Processing

2. Analytic Processing

42
Q

What are the three preferred modalities of learning?

A
  1. Visual - learns through LOOKING at stimuli.
  2. Auditory - learns through LISTENING.
  3. Tactile-kinesthetic - learns through PHYSICAL MANIPULATION of objects.
43
Q

Global Processing Style/Global Learner

A

Whole-Part-Whole

  • This person wants to know the big picture without the individual steps or details
  • Needs breaks, snacks, & mobility when learning
  • Can work while multitasking; can still process info with the TV on or with background noise.
44
Q

Analytic Processing Style/Analytic Learner

A

Step-by-Step processing style

  • Like directions
  • Likes to work without distraction
45
Q

What do you need to remember regarding learning styles and cultural diversity?

A
  • Address differences in learning styles for various CLD populations accommodate their needs.
  • Don’t assume!
  • Cultural competence is an ongoing learning process.
46
Q

What are the 8 guidelines for an orderly and sensible learning environment?

A
  1. Learning proceeds from concrete to abstract.
  2. Learning proceeds from general to specific.
  3. Learning proceeds from simple to complex.
  4. Attention and focus are necessary for learning.
  5. Duration of attention in minutes is equivalent to the child’s age in years.
  6. Processing & remembering occurs best when info is personalized, organized & developed around prior knowledge.
  7. Repetition is needed for learning.
  8. Rapport! Build comfort and trust to aid learning.

SPHP 146 Louney (13 decks)

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