Exam 1- Learning Theories (ch. 3) Flashcards
Define Learning
The process and mental structures by which people accumulate experiences and make them into new meanings.
What are the four learning theories that apply to speech pathology?
- Behaviorism
- Cognitive
- Humanistic/Experiential
- Social Orientation
What does an ABA tutor/behaviorist do?
Helps to get the underlying skills going that are needed for speech and language therapy, such as attention, focus, matching abilities, etc…
What does matching help a child do?
Link symbols to sounds, and categorize objects.
What will help you in the therapy room with clients of all ages? (hint: behavior)
Understanding how to manipulate behavior to achieve therapy.
What are the guidelines for an orderly and sensible learning environment? (Where do you start?)
Concrete –> Abstract
(Language: literal vs. figurative statements)
General –> Specific (??)
Simple –> Complex
Define behaviorism
Looks at overt behaviors that can be OBSERVED and MEASURED.
What does behaviorism NOT consider?
Thought, maturity, or development.
Who are three names associated with behaviorism?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
Who is the father of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is classical conditioning?
Training in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned response.
(E.g., dogs salivating at the ring of a bell)
What did John B. Watson believe?
That practice strengthened learning
What did B.F. Skinner believe?
That every action is driven by a reward; no thinking is involved.
What are the four behavior techniques which appeal to the behaviorist?
- Prompting
- Cueing
- Reinforcements
- Task Analysis
What is the Cognitive Learning Theory?
This theory views learning as involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans process and store information.
What are Piaget’s four stages of development?
- Sensorimotor Stage, 0-2 years
- Preoperational Stage, 2-7 years
- Concrete Operational Stage, 7-12 years
- Formal Operational Stage, 12+ years
Describe the Sensory Motor Period
- From birth to 2 years
- Early on, consists of motor reflexes (0-1 year)
- Later in the stage, children learn through touch and movement (1-2 years)
Describe the Preoperational Period
- From 2-7 years
- Acquire representational skills (symbols) in areas of language, mental imagery, and drawing.
- Figurative play develops.
- The greatest increase during this stage is LANGUAGE!
Describe the Concrete Operational Period
- From 7-12 years.
- Develop more abstract ways of thinking.
- Learn quantity & time.
- Theory of conservation develops (container volume)
- Begins to take others’ points of view
- Transition into adult-like thought & understand humor.
Describe the Formal Operational Period
- Begins around age 12 and goes into adulthood.
- Develops the ability to reason on the basis of theoretical possibilities as well as concrete realities.
- Hypothetical thought.
- Executive function.
What does progressing from one stage of develop to the next require?
- Assimilation
- Accomodation
- Equilibration
What is “assimilation”?
Where we begin
- The ability to manipulate new information so that it fits with your existing experiences/way of thinking.
- E.g., A little boy who thinks that a pregnant woman’s belly is a basketball under her shirt, because he’s seen his older brother put the basketball under his shirt while playing basketball.
What is “accommodation”?
“The shift”
- You accomodate your thinking when you have new experiences
- Your new experience tells you that the NEW assumptions, conditions, and circumstances may apply to other similar situations.
-E.g., Someone explains to the little boy that it’s a baby, not a basketball.
What is “equilibration”?
Where we end up; encompasses btoh assimilation and accommodation.
- You become satisfied with your new knowledge and information processing.
- E.g., the little boy now understands that when he sees a big tummy, it can be a basketball, or a baby.
