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microbiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter

A

Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

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2
Q

it asserts that living things can only be produced by another living thing

A

Biogenesis

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3
Q

free from reproductive spores or germs; as, a sterile fluid.

A

Sterile

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4
Q

is a method designed to prevent contamination from microorganisms

A

Aseptic techniques

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5
Q

states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms

A

Germ theory of disease

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6
Q

discovered bacteria, and invented the microscope. Known as the “father of microbiology.”

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

discovered that microbes were responsible for souring alcohol and came up with the process of pasteurization, where bacteria is destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in germ theory also led him and his team to create vaccinations for anthrax and rabies

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

American physician First documented recommendation of hand washing by healthcare workers to prevent disease

A

Oliver Wendell Holmes

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9
Q

Hungarian physician who first instituted to wash hands with bleach having tremendous results

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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10
Q

made surgery much safer with the use of phenol to kill micro-organisms on skin of patients and surgical tools

A

Joseph Lister

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11
Q

also the most important microbiologist developing the bacteriological techniques (agar, petri dish) proving micro-organisms caused harm. Experimental verification of the “germ theory of disease” Proved anthrax was caused by micro-organisms and discovered mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

Robert Koch

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12
Q

Describe the structure of DNA -

A

DNA is made up of six smaller molecules – a five carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule and four different nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine).

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13
Q

Describe the structure of RNA -

A

The basic components of RNA are the same than for DNA (see the DNA page) with two major differences. The pyrimidine base uracil replace thymine and ribose replace deoxyribose (see the sugars, purines and pyrimidines pages).

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14
Q

The process that causes a protein to lose its shape

A

denaturing the protein

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15
Q

prokaryotic cells, live in temperate climates.

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

ancient bacteria, live in unusual or hard environments

A

Archaea

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17
Q

Eukaryotic, single celled, classified by motility , many free living, some cause disease

A

Protozoa

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18
Q

eukaryotic, yeasts (unicellular), molds (multicellular)

A

Fungi

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19
Q

eukaryotic, multicellular, parasitic worms, adults macroscopic, eggs and larva microscopic.

A

Helminths

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20
Q

eukaryotic, microscopic plants, unicellular or multicellular, does not cause disease, photosynthesis.

A

Algae

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21
Q

acellular, insert outside host cell, made of a protein coat and nucleic acid, most common cause of human infection

A

Viruses

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22
Q

acellular, abnormally folded proteins, infects cells and causes normal proteins to fold abnormally, causes spongiform encephalopathies (mad cow)

A

Prions

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23
Q

acellular, single stranded pieces of RNA that are infectious and can cause disease, usually infects plants, potato spindle tuber and apple scar skin are a product of this microbe.

A

Viroid

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24
Q

microbes that live on or in the body and do not cause harm and are often beneficial to the body. (when they are in the correct location)

A

Normal Flora

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25
Q

used to produce products or to improve organisms.

A

Biotechnology

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26
Q

manipulation of the genes of organisms.

A

Genetic engineering

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27
Q

transferring genetic material from one organism to another.

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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28
Q

using microbes to stabilize ecosystems or clean up waste or pollution.

A

Bioremediation

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29
Q

cause disease in all people.

A

Primary Pathogen

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30
Q

cause disease in immunocompromised people or when put in the wrong place or when normal flora is lost.

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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31
Q

bacteria and archaea, 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack organelles, can still have complex structure, can engage in all activities a eukaryotic cell can, all microorganisms.

A

Prokaryotic cells

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32
Q

animals/plants/fungi/protozoans, have organelles (ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria), some microorganisms, some macroorganisms.

A

Eukaryotic cells

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33
Q

the science of classifying living things.

A

Taxonomy

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34
Q

the assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms.

A

Nomenclature

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35
Q

prokaryotic, modern bacteria

A

Bacteria

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36
Q

prokaryotic, ancient bacteria

A

Archaea

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37
Q

eukaryotic, Protista/fungi/plantae/Animalia

A

Eukarya

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38
Q

Protisita -

A

protozoans

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39
Q

Fungi -

A

molds, and yeasts, not photosynthetic

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40
Q

Plantae -

A

algae, are photosynthetic

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41
Q

Animalia -

A

Helminths

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42
Q

variation in the size and shape of cells of a single species due to nutritional and genetic differences.

A

Plemorphic

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43
Q

aggregated groups of microbes that form as a layer with associated organic materials.

A

Biofilms

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44
Q

Coccus shapes >

A

single (1), diplococci (2), streptococci (long chains), tetrads (four), sarcina (eight), staphylococci (irregular groups)

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45
Q

Bacillus shapes >

A

single (1), diplobacilli (2), streptobacilli (long chains)

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46
Q

comma shaped

A

Vibrio

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47
Q

ridged, corkscrew shaped cells, motile through flagella

A

Spirillum

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48
Q

flexible, corkscrew shaped cells, motile with axial filament

A

Spirochete

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49
Q

branching

A

Filamentous

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50
Q

Structure: Capsule: tight fitting coating of molecules external to cell wall/ or Slim layer: loose fitting and diffuse coating of molecules external to cell wall. Function: Adherence, protection, and receptor. Clinical Significance: Infection, but only with capsule form. The capsule inhibits phagocytosis. Genes can also be transferred between the organisms.

A

Glycocalyx

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51
Q

Structure: Fine hair like bristles extending from the surface of the cell. Function: helps in adhesion to other cells and surfaces. Clinical Significance: Potential target for antibiotics. They form fragments that bind antibody molecules & inactivate them.

A

Fimbriae

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52
Q

Structure: An appendage. Function: Used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it. Clinical Significance: They often contain genes that allow bacteria to become more virulent.

A

Pili

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53
Q

Structure: An appendage. Function: Motility. Clinical Significance: since flagella is motile it helps opportunistic infections, escape from host defense, and systemic infection.

A

Flagella

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54
Q

Structure: Appendage that is enclosed in the space between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Function: Motility which is corkscrew like movement. Clinical Significance: It can corkscrew into tissues normal bacteria cannot get to, and it can get into the blood. Both of these abilities help cause infection

A

Axial filament

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55
Q

Structure: Thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm. Function: Controls that flow of materials in and out of the cell pool. Clinical Significance: Susceptibility. Primary target for antibiotics. Inhibits DNA replication. Destroys the ability to produce energy. Causes loss of membrane integrity and destruction of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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56
Q

Structure: Composed of dense DNA molecules. Function: DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins. Clinical significance:

A

Nucleoid and bacterial chromosome -

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57
Q

Structure: Double stranded DNA circle. Function: Contains extra genes. Clinical Significance: Carry genes for toxins, and is antibiotic resistant.

A

Plasmids

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58
Q

Structure: Tiny particles composed of protein and RNA. Function: Protein synthesis. Clinical Significance: Major target for antibiotics, because they will cause inhibition of protein synthesis which is lethal to the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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59
Q

Structure: Dense crystal or particle. Function: Stores nutrients such as fats, phosphates, or glycogen that can be used when needed. Clinical Significance: NONE

A

Inclusion bodies

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60
Q

Structure: Dormant body formed within some bacteria. Function: Allows for survival in adverse conditions. Clinical Significance: Infection. Resistant to antibiotics, and heat. Is also resistant to almost all disinfectants, and antiseptics.

A

Endospores

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61
Q

Atrichous

A

no flagella

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62
Q

Monotrichous

A

single flagellum

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63
Q

Lophotrichous

A

small branches or tufts of flagella emerging from the site.

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64
Q

Amphitrichous

A

flagella at both poles of the cell.

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65
Q

flagella are dispersed randomly all over the surface of the cell.

A

Peritrichous

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66
Q

Structure: a semirigid casing. Function: support and shape for the cell. Clinical Significance: Target for antibiotic, which ends up disrupting the integrity and causing cell lysis

A

Cell wall

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67
Q
  • Thick, homogenous sheet of peptidoglycan made of many layers.
  • Contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid that joins the layers.
A

Gram-positive cell walls

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68
Q
  • Single sheet of peptidoglycan
  • Thinness gives gram-negative cells great flexibility and sensitivity to lysis.
  • Contain an outer membrane – made of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. Lipid A (endotoxin), and porin proteins (they only allow certain chemicals to penetrate.)
A

Gram-negative cell walls

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69
Q

Mycobacterium
• Cell walls contain mycolic acid.
• Mycolic acid – a waxy material that contributes to the pathogenicity of the bacteria, due to its resistance to certain chemicals, dyes, and to digestion by phagocytic cells.

A

Acid-fast bacteria

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70
Q

Mycoplasmas
• Naturally lack a cell wall
• Sterols in the plasma membrane stablilze the cell against lysis.
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae – “walking pneumonia”

A

Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria

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71
Q

body or colony of mold.

A

Mycelium

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72
Q

threadlike cells that form from the bodies of molds.

A

Hyphae

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73
Q

have cross walls between cells.

A

Septate

74
Q

have no cross walls between cells.

A

Aseptate

75
Q

are responsible for visible mass of growth.

A

Vegetative

76
Q

produce spores

A

Reproductive

77
Q

reproductive structures that disperse via air, water or living things. Will germinate when favorable substrate is found.

A

Spores

78
Q

reproductive hyphae that hold the mold spores away from the body.

A

Aerial

79
Q

have colonies much like bacteria.

A

Yeasts

80
Q

cottony, hairy, or velvety texture.

A

Molds

81
Q

can take either form

A

Dimorphic

82
Q

acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates.

A

Heterotrophic

83
Q

obtain nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats.

A

Saprobic

84
Q

grow on the bodies of living animals or plants.

A

Parasitic

85
Q

Who am i?

  1. A number of species are pathogenic to corn and grain
  2. rot fresh produce during shipping.
A

Fungi

86
Q

Protozoan
Skin (cutaneous mycosis)
•Tinea causes?

A

i. Ring worm
ii. Jock itch
iii. Athletes foot

87
Q

Protozoan
Mucous membranes
•Candida albicans

A

i. Vaginal yeast infection

ii. Thrush

88
Q

I am a Protozoan that
• Enters through the lungs
• Spreads through blood or lymph
• Causes lung infections, skin lesions, and organ lesions.
• Most are molds, but grow in the human body as a yeast.

A
  1. Systemic or deep infections
89
Q

Who am i?

  1. Most are harmless, free-living inhabitants of water and soil.
  2. A few are parasites, and are responsible for hundreds of millions of infections each year.
  3. Heterotrophic
  4. Single cells, Eukaryotic
  5. Some exist in only tropozoite phase
  6. Asexual - Mitotic cell division or multiple fission (schizogony)
A

Protozoan

90
Q

motile feeding stage requiring ample food, and moisture to stay active

A

Protozoan - Trophozoite

91
Q

Dormant, resting stage when the conditions are unfavorable.

A

Protozoan - Cyst

92
Q

What are the four classes of parasitic protozoans?

A
  1. Amoebas (sarcodina)
  2. Ciliates (Ciliophora)
  3. Flagellates (Mastigophora)
  4. Sporozoa
93
Q

move through pseudopods, and form cysts

A

Amoebas

94
Q

i. Amoebic dysentery
ii. Many cases are asymptomatic
iii. 10% result in disease – symptoms include blood in diarrhea

A

Entamobea

95
Q

i. Causes fatal infection of the brain

A

Naegleria

96
Q

Name the two amoebas.

A

Entamobea

Naegleria

97
Q

only one causes disease in humans.

A

Ciliates

98
Q

i. Causes intestinal infection
ii. Transmitted by pigs or contaminated food that has pig fecal matter in it.
iii. Asymptomatic, but if symptoms arise they are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

Balantidium

99
Q

Balantidium belongs to which protozoan group?

A

Ciliates

100
Q

The group of protozoans that are motile with flagella

A

Flagellates

101
Q

Causes intestinal infection and problems in uptake of fats that persists even after infection is cleared

A

Giardia

102
Q

What is protozoan is responsible for these?

i. African sleeping sickness
ii. Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma

103
Q

spread by tsetse fly, causes central nervous system infection, coma and death

A

African sleeping sickness

104
Q

spread by the kissing bug, varying symptoms but chronic disease results in damage to the heart.

A

Chagas disease

105
Q

i. Spread by sand fly

ii. Causes cutaneous and visceral infections

A

Leishmania

106
Q

i. Causes sexually transmitted infection such as: vaginitis in female and urethritis and prostatitis in males

A

Trichomonas

107
Q

not mature in motile form.

A

Sporozoans

108
Q

What protozoan causes this:
•malaria
i. Spread by Anopheles mosquito
ii. Fever, anemia, and circulatory changes.
iii. Marial paroxysm – feeling very hot and very cold

A

Plasmodium

109
Q 
What protozoan causes this:
toxoplasmosis
i.	Spread by cat feces or raw beef
ii.	Asymptomatic in healthy individuals
iii.	Can damage or kill a fetus
A

Toxoplasma

110
Q

Who am i

  1. Adult specimens can be seen with the naked eye.
  2. Diagnosis through eggs and larvae.
  3. Multicellular animals that are equipped with organs and organ systems.
  4. Most developed organs are the reproductive tract.
  5. Complete lifecycle includes the fertilized egg, larval, and adult stage.
A

Helminths

111
Q

Who am i?

two groups Intestinal & Tissue. Sexes are separate and different in appearance

A

Nematodes

112
Q 
What group do I belong to?
Enterobius (pin worms)
Ascaris
Necator (hook worm)
Trichinella
A

Intestinal Nematodes

113
Q

What group do I belong to?

i. Dracunculus (Guinea worm)
ii. Onchocerca

A

Tissue Nematodes

114
Q

pin worm or seat worm. Common infestation of the large intestine

i. Microscopic eggs are swallowed
ii. Eggs hatch in the intestine
iii. Larvae mature into adults with in one month
iv. Female and male worms mate
v. Female migrates to the anus to deposit eggs
vi. Intestine itching ensues
vii. Scratching spreads the eggs

A

Enterobius

115
Q

the largest nematode to infect humans
• Eggs are found in soil and are ingested with unwashed plants or can become airborne and swallowed
• Larvae hatch in the large intestine and adults can travel through the body
• Low worms loads cause no symptoms
• High worm loads can cause malnutrition, abdominal discomfort, and intestinal blockage.

A

Ascaris

116
Q

– the hookworm
• Transmission is through the soil contaminated with human feces
• Causes anemia and loss of nutrients in the digestive tract

A

Necator

117
Q

infection occurs through in ingestion of larvae contaminated tissue.
• Usually pork or bear meat
• Larvae live in the intestine but travel to the muscle tissue and encyst there.

A

Trichinella

118
Q

the guinea worm
• Larvae enter the digestive system with contaminated water.
• Male and female worms mate in the intestine
• Males die and females then travel to the skin where they encyst, this causes a burning sensation
• The infected person goes to the water to relieve the burning, and the female releases the larvae into the water.
• Treatment can be to wrap the worm around a stick and slowly extract the worm. This takes several days.
• This may be the origin of the Rod and Asclepius – symbol of healing and medicine

A

Dracunculus

119
Q

causes river blindness

• Can cause skin and eye lesions

A

Onchocerca

120
Q 
These are all?
•	Trematodes
i.	Paragonimus (lung fluke)
ii.	Clonorchis (liver fluke)
iii.	Schistosoma (blood fluke)
•	Cestodes
i.	Taenia (pork or beef tapeworm)
ii.	Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm)
A

Flatworms

121
Q

the lung fluke

i. Spread by infected person coughing up sputum and spitting in the water.
ii. Eggs hatch into larvae that infect snail > snails release a different larval stage that infect crustaceans > human eats undercooked crustaceans and are infected and the larvae produce adult worms which lay eggs in the lungs.

A

Paragonimus

122
Q

spread by eating under cooked fish
i. Causes abdominal pain nausea, diarrhea and bile duct obstruction.
Snail is intermediate host

A

Clonorchis (liver flukes)

123
Q

no treatment for this worm
i. Larvae from contaminated water penetrate the skin > larvae are release back into the water via urine and feces >
Causes infection in the blood vessels, digestive and urinary tracts. Can cause kidney failure from UTI’s, and seizures if the worms are in the CNS

A

Schistosoma

124
Q

tapeworms

i. Have a head (scolex), with hooks and or suckers.
ii. Have a regenerative neck.
iii. Proglottids are segments that contain ovary and testes that produce fertilized eggs
iv. Infections occur from eating undercooked meat
v. Proglottids are excreted and contaminate soil and plants.
vi. Patients with low worm load are normally asymptomatic, but high load patients can have malnutrition, and intestinal obstruction may occur.

A

Taenia and Diphyllobothrium

125
Q

the study of inheritance

A

Genetics

126
Q

sum total of genetic material of an organism.

A

Genome

127
Q

a segment of DNA that code for a functional part

A

Gene

128
Q

the sum of all gene types; an organisms distinctive genetic make up.

A

Genotype

129
Q

The expression of the genes to create certain traits.

A

Phenotype

130
Q

• DNA condensed into a packet with proteins. (not histone proteins)
Single, circular chromosome

A

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

131
Q
  • DNA wound around histones
  • Located in the nucleus
  • Diploid - two of each type of chromosome
  • Haploid – one of each type of chromosome
A

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

132
Q

Nucleotide - unit of DNA structure
• Phosphate
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Nitrogenous base
• Sugar-phosphate linkage that becomes the backbone of each strand.
1. Nitrogenous bases attach along a stand by covalent bonds to the sugar:
• Purines and pyrimidines join with complementary bases on the opposite strand using weak hydrogen bonds.
• Easily unzipped
2. Paring of bases
• Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
3. Nature of the double helix
• Antiparallel arrangement – one side of the helix runs in the opposite direction of the other.

A

DNA Structure

133
Q

Begins at the Origin of Replication > topoisomerase unwinds the supercoils and larger coils of DNA > helicases unwind and separate the helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the two sides together creating an area called a replication fork > DNA an antiparallel the two sides are called the lagging stand and the leading strand > leading strand primase creates an RNA primer > DNA polymerase is able to attach to the RNA primer and synthesize DNA in the direction of the opening replication fork > Rnas H eventually removes the RNA primer > DNA polymerase fills in the gap > DNA ligase the covalently bonds the two pieces together > lagging strand antiparallel the direction of the DNA replication run in the other direction > Primase will create RNA primers and the helix opens > DNA polymerase will synthesize DNA > Okazaki fragments are left > Rnas H removes RNA primers and DNA polymerase replace them with DNA for each Okazaki fragment > ligases move along the lagging strand to remove fragments.

A

DNA replication –

134
Q
  • Single stranded molecule
  • Can assume secondary and tertiary levels of complexity
  • Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
  • Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
A
  1. Structure of RNA
135
Q

Three types of RNA involved in translation are?

A

rRNA
mRNA
tRNA

136
Q

makes up the ribosome along with associated proteins.

A

rRNA

137
Q

a copy of genetic code of a gene.

i. Contains codons – each codes for an amino acid.

A

mRNA

138
Q

carry the amino acids to the ribosome during the process of translation.
has an anticodon that corresponds to a codon on the mRNA

A

tRNA

139
Q

the process of making an RNA copy of a gene

A

Transcription

140
Q

Transcription consists of three steps:

A

i. Initiation
ii. Elongation
iii. Termination

141
Q

RNA polymerase blinds to a section of DNA at the beginning of a gene called a promoter.

A

Initiation

142
Q

RNA polymerase moves along the template side of the DNA, and makes an RNA copy of a gene.

A

Elongation

143
Q

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator and drops off, releasing newly made RNA.

A

Termination

144
Q

the process of using mRNA and tRNA’s and ribosome to produce a protein.

A

Translation

145
Q

Translations three steps:

A

i. Initiation
ii. Elongation
iii. Termination

146
Q

three types of RNA come together and start a codon. Small subunit of the ribosome bind to the mRNA at the start codon. First tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine blinds to the start codon.

A

Initiation

147
Q

the ribosome moves along the mRNA reading one codon at a time, adding the amino acids. This step is where the protein is made.

A

Elongation

148
Q

ribosome continues moving along until a stop codon is reached. Enzyme attaches and releases all the components – the ribosome, the last tRNA, the mRNA and the finished protein.

A

Termination

149
Q

consist of a coordinated set of genes regulated as a single unit. (only in bacteria)

A

Operon

150
Q

code for proteins needed all the time.

A

Constitutive genes

151
Q

Induced by the substrate of the enzyme(s) for which the structural genes code.
• Only produce the enzyme when the substrate is present

A

Inducible (catabolic) operon

152
Q

Anabolic enzymes

• Turned off by the product synthesized by the enzyme.

A

Repressible operons

153
Q

it is off unless lactose is present and then it can be activated

A

The lac operon is an inducible operon

154
Q

• Three features of the?
Regulator: composed of the gene that codes for the protein capable of repressing the operon (repressor). This repressor is usually active but can be inactivated by lactose
Control region:
Promoter: recognized by RNA polymerase (same promoter as in transcription)
Operator: on/off switch
Structural region made up of three genes coding for a different enzymes needed to catabolize lactose

A

lac operon

155
Q
  1. In a repressible operon, genes are

• An example of a repressible operon is

A

usually transcribed and translated but they can be repressed (turned off)
the trp operon that contains genes used in the synthesis of tryptophan.

156
Q

Mode of genetic exchange in which a plasmid or other genetic material is transferred by a donor to a recipient cell via a direct connection

A

Conjugation

157
Q

is a conservative process in which the donor bacterium retains (conserves) a copy of the genetic material being transferred.

A

Conjugation

158
Q

Which conjugation am i?
• Fertility (F’ factor) allows the synthesis of a conjugative pilus
• Recipient cell has a recognition site on its surface for the pilus.
• F+: cell that has the plasmid
• F-: cell that lacks the plasmid

A

Gram-negative conjugation

159
Q

Which conjugation am i?
• An opening is created between two adjacent cells (no pili)
• Hfr:
• Replicated DNA passes across from one cell to another
• In high frequency recombination (Hfr) donors the plasmid is integrated into the bacterial chromosome
• When Hfr cells conjugate with recipient cells some of the Hfr cell’s genes may be transferred along with the plasmid genes
• Creates even more recombination

A

Gram - positive conjugation

160
Q

involves the transfer of naked DNA (DNA in solution) from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

A

Transformation

161
Q

Transfer of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria) is?

A

Transduction

162
Q
  • Bacteriophage serves as a carrier from a donor cell to a recipient cell
  • Random fragments of disintegrating host DNA are taken up by the bacteriophage
  • Virtually any gene from the bacterium can be transmitted
A

Generalized Transduction

163
Q

• Highly specific part of the host genome is regularly incorporated into the virus.

A

Specialized Transduction

164
Q

are segments of DNA capable of moving from one part of the genome to another
• Can be transferred from a chromosome to a plasmid, or vice versa; or from one cell to another in bacteria and some eukaryotes
• Some replicate themselves before jumping to the next location and some simply move

A

Transposon (Jumping genes)

165
Q

any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome.

A

Mutation

166
Q

a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication (not common)

A

Spontaneous mutation

167
Q

result from exposure to known mutagens, which are primarily physical or chemical agents that disrupt DNA
• Radiation: UV light, X rays, Gamma rays
• Chemicals: nitrous acid

A

Induced mutations

168
Q

alters a base, but does not change the amino acid, and has no effect

A

Silent mutation

169
Q
  • One or more bases are inserted or deleted
  • Changes the reading frame of the mRNA
  • Nearly always results in a nonfunctional protein
A

Frameshift mutation

170
Q
  • A change in the code that leads to the placement of a different amino acid
  • Can create a faulty, nonfunctional protein
  • Can produce a protein that functions differently
  • Can cause no significant alteration
A

Missense mutation

171
Q

one nucleotide change that changes a normal codon into a stop codon. Produces an incomplete protein.

A

Nonsense mutation

172
Q

¥ DNA polymerase has a proofreading mechanism to repair mistakes made during replication.
¥ The cell has additional systems for finding and repairing DNA that has been damaged outside of replication.
¥ UV damage repair:
i. Photoactivation/light repair through photolyase.
ii. Successful only for a small number of UV mutations

A

Mutation Repair

173
Q

i. Enzymes break the bonds between the bases and the sugar-phosphate strand at the site of the error.
ii. A different enzyme removes the defective bases one at a time.
iii. The remaining gap is filled in by DNA polymerase I and ligase.

A

Excision repair

174
Q

Allows biotechnologists to cleave DNA at desired sites

A

Restriction endonucleases -

175
Q

Produces a readable pattern of DNA fragments.

• Creates a genetic finger print.

A

Gel electrophoresis -

176
Q

Rapidly increases the amount of DNA using heat to separate DNA strands and DNA polymerase to replicate them followed by cooling

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction -

177
Q

Primary intent is to deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism
• Bacteria can be genetically engineered to mass produce:
i. Hormones
ii. Enzymes
iii. Vaccines

A

Recombinant DNA technology -

178
Q

Creating identical copies of DNA, cells or higher organisms through asexual means.

A

Genetic clones/cloning

179
Q

collections of DNA clones that represent the entire genome of numerous organisms

A

Genomic libraries:

180
Q

Small, well characterized, easy to manipulate

Can be transferred into appropriate cells through transformation

A

Plasmids

181
Q

have the natural ability to inject DNA into bacterial hosts

A

Bacteriophages:

182
Q

What typically contain a gene that confers drug resistance to their cloning host.
• Cells can be grown on drug-containing media.
• Only those cells that harbor a plasmid will be selected for growth.

A

• Vectors

microbiology (9 decks)

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