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microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

to stand still means?

A

stasis and static

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2
Q

prevent the growth of bacteria

A

bacteristatic

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3
Q

if a word has -Cidal it means?

A

to kill

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4
Q

permanent termination of an organisms vital process is?

A

Death

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5
Q

permentant loss of reproductive capability even under optimum growth conditions is?

A

the accepted microbiological definition of death

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6
Q

factors affecting the death rate are?

A

-the number of microbes
(the higher the number of microbes takes longer)
-the nature of the microorganisms in the population
-temperature
-acidity and alkalinity
-concentration
-presence of solvents, interfering organic matter and inhibitors.

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7
Q

Cold temperatures tend to?

A

preserve microbes.

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8
Q

Chemical reactions occur faster at?

A

warmer temperatures.

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9
Q

extremes in acidity or alkalinity enhance?

A

the killing of microbes.

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10
Q

the concentration is important in?

A

killing microbes

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11
Q

mode of action is?

A

how does it work

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12
Q

What are the cellular targets of physical and chemical agents?

A

cell wall
cell membrane
cellular synthetic process
proteins

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13
Q

Saliva, blood, and feces can inhibit the action of?

A

disinfectants and even the action of heat

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14
Q

Elevated temperature are?

A

microbicidal

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15
Q

lower temperatures are?

A

microbistatic

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16
Q

moist heat is?

A

hot water, boiling water, steam

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17
Q

dry heat is?

A

hot air, open flame

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18
Q

What operates at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times to achieve the same effectiveness as dry heat?

A

moist heat

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19
Q

Examples of moist heat?

A

boiling, pasteurization, steam under pressure

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20
Q

Pasteurization kills?

A

most of the microbes.

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21
Q

Steam under pressure ?

A

sterilizes

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22
Q
  • What dehydrates the cell removing water necessary for metabolic reactions?
  • Denatures proteins
  • Requires a higher temperature and longer time than moist heat
A

dry heat

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23
Q

What are the two types of dry heat?

A

hot air oven

incineration

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24
Q

very high temperatures, oxidizes cells burning them to ashes is?

A

incineration

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25
Q

What is the principal effect of cold treatment to a microbe?

A

to slow the growth

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26
Q

What slows the growth of most microbes?

A

refrigeration

27
Q

What stops the growth of most microbes?

A

freezing.

28
Q

does cold kill microbes?

A

no

29
Q

Temperatures for -70c to -135c can?

A

preserve cultures of bacteria, viruses, and fungi for long periods.

30
Q

desiccation means?

A

dehydration

31
Q

Can some microbes be killed by desiccation, but most is just stops growth?

A

yes

32
Q

What is used to preserve food?

A

desiccation

33
Q

Lyophilization is?

A

freeze drying.

34
Q

Pure cultures are?

A

frozen instantaneously. and exposed to a vacuum that removes water

35
Q

Freeze drying is a combination of?

A

freezing and dry

36
Q

Lyophilization is?

A

static

37
Q

desiccation is?

A

stasis

38
Q

What is energy that is emitted from atomic activities and disperse at high velocity through matter or space?

A

Radiation

39
Q

Ionizing radiation?

A

penetrates through things.

40
Q

Gamma rays are the?

A

highest type of radiation.

41
Q

is ionizing radiation sterile?

A

yes

42
Q

is Ionizing radiation heat free?

A

yes

43
Q

What can you use ionizing radiation for?

A

food and plastic things.

44
Q

Non-ionizing radiation does not?

A

penetrate

45
Q

Non-ionizing radiation does ______ but is more used for _______.

A

sterilize, disinfection

46
Q

UV light is?

A

non-ionizing radiation

47
Q

UV light kills cells by

A

affecting thymine dimer

48
Q

Filtration is a way to?

A

removes microbes from air and liquids.

49
Q

This process is?

Fluid or air is strained through a filter with openings large enough for the fluid to pass, but too small for microbes.

A

Filtration

50
Q

Filtration is used for liquids that?

A

cannot withstand heat.

51
Q

Filtration can be used in

A

water purification

52
Q

High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are used in hospital rooms and sterile rooms. This is a way of?

A

filtration

53
Q
  • Adding large amounts of salt or sugar to foods creates a hypertonic environment for bacteria, causing plasmolysis.
  • Used in food preservation
A

Osmotic pressure

54
Q

What is never a sterilizing technique?

A

osmotic pressure

55
Q

Chemical agents in microbial control occur in?

A

liquids, gaseous, or solid state.

56
Q

Chemicals dissolved in pure water as the convent is?

A

aqueous solutions

57
Q

chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol is?

A

tinctures

58
Q

What are something for ideal antimicrobial agent?

A
  • rapid action
  • solubility in water or alcohol
  • long term stability
  • broad spectrum action without being toxic to human and animal tissues.
  • penetration of inanimate surfaces
  • resistance to becoming inactivated by organic matter
  • noncorrosive or non staining properties
  • sanitizing and deodorizing
  • affordability and ready available
  • no antimicrobial reaches all these requirements
59
Q

What are factors affecting the germicidal activity of chemicals?

A
  • nature or the microorganisms
  • nature of the material
  • degree of contamination
  • time of exposure
  • strength and chemical action
  • length of exposure
  • composition of material being treated
60
Q

Length of exposure is?

A

adequate contact time to act of microbes

61
Q

What kind of objects are more reliably disinfected than those with pores or pockets?

A

smooth, solid objects

62
Q

Chemicals used in food preservation are?

A

-acidic pH (vinegar) pickling food

63
Q

What are active against gram-positive bacteria and fungi?

A

dyes

64
Q

What is very low or very high pH can destroy or inhibit microbial cells?

  • Ammonium hydroxide
  • organic acids in food preservation
A

Acids and alkalis

microbiology (9 decks)

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