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microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances?

A

immunocompetence

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2
Q

What are molecules that stimulate a response by B and T cells?

A

antigens

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3
Q

Unlike PAMPS, antigens are?

A

highly individual and stimulate specific immunity.

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4
Q

Foreign molecules that stimulate an immune response is?

A

Antigens

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5
Q

Memory cells are?

A

cells that remember

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6
Q

specificity cells are?

A

cells that have specific jobs.

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7
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-lymphocytes

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8
Q

What is production and activities of antibodies?

A

B-lymphocytes

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9
Q

Antibody-mediated are?

A

B- cells

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10
Q

B-cells and T-cells are produced where?

A

in the bone marrow

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11
Q

mature in specialized bone marrow sites.

A

b-cells

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12
Q

mature in the thymus.

A

t-cells

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13
Q

t-cell are long?

A

lived cells.

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14
Q

When pathogens carrying antigens cross the first line of defense what happens?

A
  • macrophages ingest the pathogen

- dendritic cells ingest the pathogen and process it to present it to T and B lymphocytes.

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15
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex

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16
Q
  • human cell markers or receptors

- found on all cells except red blood cells

A

MHC

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17
Q

What codes for markers that appear on all nucleated cells, display unique characteristics of self?

A

MHC: Class I genes

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18
Q

What markers found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells, and are involved in presentation of antigens to T cells?

A

MHC: Class II genes

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19
Q

Found on T-cells?

A

CD3

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20
Q

Found on helper T cells?

A

CD4

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21
Q

Found on cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8

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22
Q

What activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells?

A

Helper t-cells

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23
Q

What controls the T-cell response?

they help turn it off

A

Regulatory T cells

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24
Q

What leads to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign” cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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25
Q

What are the three functional types of t cells?

A
  • helper t cells
  • regulatory t cells
  • cytotoxic t cells
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26
Q

T-cells secrete?

A

cytokines

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27
Q

T-cells do not?

A

produce antibodies

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28
Q

T-cell are long?

A

lived

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29
Q

When activated, B cells divide and give?

A

rise to plasma cells.

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30
Q

Plasma cells produce and release antibodies into the tissue and the blood.

A

B-cells

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31
Q

Antibodies attach to the antigen for which they are specific, and the antigen is marked for destruction or neutralization.

A

B-cells

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32
Q

Naïve lymphocytes circulate in the blood, “homing” to specific sites in the lymph nodes, spleen, and GALT.

A

B-cells

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33
Q

What are short lived and are continually produced in the bone marrow?

A

b-cells

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34
Q

The mechanism by which the exactly correct B or T cell is activated by any incoming antigen is called?

(this is GENETIC)

A

clonal selection

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35
Q

What is the rapid multiplication of B or T cell clones after activation by an antigen?

A

Clonal expansion

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36
Q

synonymous with antigen

A

Immunogen

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37
Q

Substances that can elicit an immune response

A

immunogen/antigen

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38
Q

the portion of an antigenic molecule to which a lymphocyte responds to is?

A

epitope

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39
Q

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are?

A

Haptens

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40
Q

What is linked to a larger carrier molecule, the combination develops immunogenicity?

A

Haptens

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41
Q

Name some examples of haptens.

A
  • drugs
  • metal
  • chemicals
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42
Q

Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species, but not in others are?
(blood group)

A

Alloantigens

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43
Q

Bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells are?

A

superantigens

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44
Q

What creates a overwhelming release of cytokines and cell death?

A

superantigens

45
Q

What causes toxic shock syndrome?

A

superantigens

46
Q

What are antigens that evoke allergic reactions?

A

Allergens

47
Q

antigen presenting cells are?

A

Macrophages
B cells
Dendritic cells

48
Q

After processing is complete, the antigen will be bound to the MHC receptor and moved to the surface of the APC so it will be readily accessible to T lymphocytes.

A

APC’s process

49
Q

APCs stands for?

A

antigen presenting cells

50
Q

CMI stands for?

A

cell-mediated immunity

51
Q

All t-cells produce?

A

cytokines

52
Q

How many types of t-cells are there?

A

three

53
Q

All helper t cells bear the?

A

CD4 marker

54
Q

The main function of helper t -cells is?

A

to active b cells, macrophages and neutrophils and to promote inflammation in anti parasitic and allergic reactions.

55
Q

cytotoxic t-cells are?

A

cells that kill other cells

56
Q

recognize virus peptides displayed on the host cell surface in combination with MHC I

A

virally infected cells

57
Q

What cells can cytotoxic t-cells kill?

A
  • virally infected cells
  • cancer cells
  • cells from other animals and humans.
58
Q

Which cell lacks specificity for antigens?

A

natural killer cells.

59
Q

What kind of cells do natural killer cells kill?

A

cancer cells and virus infected cells

60
Q

Humoral immunity is produced by?

A

b cells

61
Q

functions of antibodies are?

A
  • opsonization
  • neutralization
  • inflammation
  • agglutination
  • complement activation
62
Q

What enhances the ability of phagocytes to bind to the microbe?

A

opsonization

63
Q

What inhibits attachment of the microbe or toxin to the host cell?

A

neutralization

64
Q

What antibody binding to mast cells or basophils cause them to release histamine and other mediators?

A

Inflammation

65
Q

Since antibodies have two binding sites they can bind cells together in clumps that the immune system can find and destroy what is this called?

A

Agglutination

66
Q

two antibodies side by side on a microbe will activate complement.

A

complement activation

67
Q

structural and functional classes of immunoglobulins are?

A

isotypes

68
Q

Pentamer made of five antibody molecules is?

A

IgM

69
Q

What can fix complement?

A

IgM

70
Q

Too large to leave the blood vessels in large quantities and cannot cross the placenta

A

IgM

71
Q

Good as a first response and for microbes infecting the blood is?

A

IgM

72
Q

Monomer (one antibody molecule)

A

IgG

73
Q

Babies are born with whatever circulating ___ would be found in the mother’s blood

A

IgG

74
Q

Is the most effective antibody Can cross the placenta

A

IgG

75
Q

Monomer that circulates in small amounts in the blood is?

A

IgA

76
Q

What is most abundant in mucous and serous secretions ?

A

IgA

77
Q

Which immunoglobulin is a dimer?

A

IgA

78
Q

Is the antibody associated with the secondary response?

A

IgG

79
Q

Can fix complement?

A

IgG

80
Q

Can leave the blood and go into the body’s tissues

A

IgG

81
Q

Coats the surface of mucous membranes

A

IgA

82
Q

Suspended in saliva, tears, colostrum, and mucus

A

IgA

83
Q

Colostrum: earliest secretion of breast milk; high in IgA that coats the gastrointestinal tract of a nursing infant

A

IgA

84
Q
  • Monomer (one antibody molecule)
  • Binds to mast cells and basophils
  • Causes they to release histamine and other chemicals
  • Is the antibody associated with allergies and helminthic infections
A

IgE

85
Q
  • Monomer (one antibody molecule)

- Serves as a B cell receptor and triggers B cell activation

A

IgD

86
Q

IgM only works in the?

A

blood

87
Q

IgG gets rid of?

A

the infection

88
Q

Which response am i?

  • The first time the antigen is encountered
  • B and T cells begin clonal selection and expansion
  • B cells responding to the antigen alone produce primarily IgM.
  • patient usually gets sick
  • helper t cells are produced; they stimulate B cells to produce IgG
  • patient recovers
A

primary response

89
Q

Which response am i?

  • Occurs when the antigen is seen again
  • Memory B and T cells produce an immediate immune response with more IgG and some IgM
  • The patient does not get sick
A

Secondary response

90
Q

levels of antibodies in the serum over time is?

A

titer

91
Q

any immunity that is acquired through the normal biological experiences of an individual

A

natural immunity

92
Q

protection from infection obtained through medical procedures such as vaccines and immune serum

A

artificial immunity

93
Q
  • an individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce immune substances such as antibodies
  • Creates memory
  • natural (having the infection) or artificial (vaccination)
A

active immunity

94
Q
  • individual receives antibodies from another human or animal
  • Recipient is protected for a short period of time
  • lack of memory
  • Lack of antibody production against the disease
  • Immediate onset of protection
  • Short-term effectiveness
  • natural (antibodies from mother to infant) or artificial (receiving immune products in a medical environment) in origin
A

passive immunity

95
Q

Who was the first person to create a vaccine to small pox?

A

edward jenner

96
Q

Gamma globulin >

A

passive immunization

97
Q

Immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of many human donors is?

A

Gamma globulin

98
Q

Stimulate a primary response and a memory response

A

Artificial Vaccination

99
Q
  • Protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of the pathogen
  • low level of adverse side effects
  • Stimulate both antibody (B-cell) and cell-mediated (T-cell) response
  • Long-term
  • Does not require numerous doses or boosters
  • Inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and be easy to administer
A

Qualities of an effective vaccine

100
Q

whole cell or virus vaccines

A
  • Live, attenuated cells or viruses

- Killed cells or inactivated viruses

101
Q

Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses is?

A
  • subunits derived from cultures
  • synthesized
  • manufactured via genetic engineering
102
Q

Most vaccines are administered via the routes ?

A
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intramuscular
  • Intradermal
103
Q

Nasal and oral vaccines?

A

available for only a few diseases.

104
Q

special binding substance required by some vaccines is?

A

Adjuvant

105
Q
  • Enhances immunogenicity

- Prolongs antigen retention at the injection site

A

Adjuvant

106
Q
  • Local reactions at the injection site
  • Fever
  • Allergies
A

Vaccine Side Effects

107
Q

No link between autism and MMR vaccine: true or false?

A

true

108
Q

Price of not vaccinating

A
  • Decrease in the level of herd immunity

- Outbreaks

109
Q

a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated, making it impossible for the microbe to circulate

A

herd immunity

microbiology (9 decks)

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