Chapter 12 Flashcards
-Found in the blood an migrate out of the blood and into the tissues when stimulated
Neutrophils
-React early in the inflammatory response
Neutrophils
are transformed into macrophages after they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues.
Monocytes
live in a certain tissue
Histiocytes
microglial cells are?
in the CNS
Lung macrophages are?
Alveolar
cells in the liver are?
Kupffer
What cells are in the skin?
dendritic
what is the chemical trail called that leads to the injury?
chemotaxis
single molecules found on microbial surfaces recognized by phagocytes and other defensive cells are?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
What are molecules shared by many organisms, but not present in mammals?
PAMPS
What are PRR’s ?
pattern recognition receptors
What are found on phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and lymphocytes?
PRR’s
What recognizes and bind PAMPs
PRR’s
What is it called when phagocytes use pattern recognition to identify and stick to foreign cells?
attachment.
Once the phagocyte had made contact with its prey it extends pseudopods that enclose the cells or particles in a pocket and internalize them in a vacuole called a phagosome. It secretes more cytokines to further amplify the innate response.
Engulfment.
in a short time lysosomes migrate to the scene of the phagosome and fuse with it to form a phagolysosome.
Phagolysosome formation
redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue is?
rubor
heat or warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood is?
calor
swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues is?
tumor
pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings is?
dolor
something caused by swelling and pain is?
loss of function
- Trauma from infection
- Tissue injury or necrosis due to physical or chemical agents
- Specific immune reactions
factors that elicit inflammation
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
chemotaxis attachment ingestion phagolysosome formation digestion excretion
- mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury
- to repair tissue
- destroy microbes and block their further invasion
chief function of inflammation
does inflammation have the potential to cause tissue injury?
yes, it does.
small active molecules secreted by monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells are?
cytokines
cytokines do what?
communicate with each other.
what causes vasodilation?
histamine
What produces histamines?
basophils
mast cells
initial injury
chain reaction take place
vasodilation
summoning beneficial cells and fluids to injured area
stages of inflammation
migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues is called?
diapedesis
the accumulation of a whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria is?
pus
What bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci that stimulate the formation of pus?
pyogenic
Abnormally elevated body temperature is?
fever
Nearly universal symptom of infection is?
fever
Body temperature is maintained by the?
hypothalamus
What are substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting?
pyrogens
products of infectious agents are?
Exogenous pyrogens
liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophagesduring phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor is?
endogenous pyrogens
What are benefits of fever?
- Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron
- Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions
What is produced by viral infected cells and it will be released and will protect the other cells.
Interferon
What are the two antimicrobial proteins?
- interferons
- complement
What has 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and certain viruses
complement
Complement 3 pathways:
Which pathway is initiated either by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody?
Classical pathway
Complement 3 pathways:
Which binds to pathogen membranes
alternative pathway
Complement 3 pathways:
Which binds to mannose?
lectin pathway
Common effects of all complement pathways:
Which one is caused by the membrane attack complex?
kills the cell
cytolysis.
Common effects of all complement pathways:
Which one has certain complement proteins bind to microbes and enhance the ability of phagocytic cells to ingest them?
opsonization
Common effects of all complement pathways:
Which one has certain complement proteins bind to mast cells and make them release histamine?
Inflammation
