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microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the original penicillin in 1928? (a shot)

A

Alexander Flemming

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2
Q

A drug must be able to?

A
  • easy to administer
  • able to reach the infectious agents anywhere in the body
  • selectively toxic
  • remain in the body as long as needed, and can be safely and easily broken down and excreted
  • very few drugs meet all these
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3
Q

absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and nontoxic to the host this is?

A

selectively toxic

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4
Q

Drugs from bacteria?

A

streptomyces and bacillus

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5
Q

Drugs from mold?

A

Penicillium and cephalopsporium

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6
Q

Before starting treatment what are the three factor you must know?

A
  • nature of the microorganism
  • degree of the microorganisms susceptibility (sensitivity) to various drugs.
  • overall medical condition of the patient.
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7
Q

What test for drug susceptibility measures the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measured and compared with a standard for each drug?

A

Kirby-Bauer technique

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8
Q

What test for drug susceptibility is this?
-Antimicrobial is diluted
-Each tube is inoculated with a small uniform sample of pure culture
-Minimum inhibitory concentration
The test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration

A

Tube dilution tests

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9
Q

What is the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration

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10
Q

What are the two tests that test drug susceptibility?

A
  • Kirby-Bauer technique

- Tube dilution tests

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11
Q

What is the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose

A

Therapeutic index

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12
Q

1.1 is?

A

a risky choice for drug reactions.

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13
Q

Before prescribing an antibiotic a doctor should ask?

A
  • Preexisting conditions
  • History of allergy
  • Underlying liver or kidney disease
  • Infants, the elderly, and pregnant
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14
Q

Drug testing summary includes?

A
  • Lab tests
  • Animal tests
  • Human Clinical Trials
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15
Q

Which phase is done in healthy young people (usually males) to test for toxicity

A

Phase I Clinical trial of Human Clinical Trials

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16
Q

Which phase is done in persons with the infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective

A

Phase II clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials

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17
Q

Which phase continues after phase II but compares the drug to any current treatments on the market

A

Phase III clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials

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18
Q

Which phase occurs after market studies

A

Phase IV of Human Clinical Trials

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19
Q

What are these?

  • Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Interference with cell membrane structure and function
  • Inhibition of a metabolic process
A

Modes of actions for Antimicrobial drugs

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20
Q

What targets peptidoglycan

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

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21
Q

DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?

A

DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?

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22
Q

What targets the prokaryotic ribosome

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

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23
Q

What targets the plasma membrane

A

Interference with cell membrane structure and function

24
Q

What targets a metabolic process in the microbe that is different

A

Inhibition of a metabolic process

25
Q

What is effective against more than one group of bacteria

  • Advantage is that you don’t have to know the cause of the infection first
  • Disadvantage is that you will kill normal flora and cause a superinfection
A

Broad-spectrum drugs

26
Q

What targets a specific group?

  • Advantage is that you will not kill normal flora (at least not as much)
  • Disadvantage is that you must be reasonably sure of the cause of the infection
A

Narrow-spectrum drugs

27
Q

Which are the microbes that were once small in number overgrow when normal resident biota are destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

A

Superinfection

28
Q

A later version could be taken as a pill but had to be taken every 4 hours

A

Penicillin

29
Q

Semisynthetic penicillins are?

A

altered, they work better.

30
Q

What do biofilms do for bacteria?

A

protect them

31
Q

What are the five Classes of Antimicrobials?

A 
Antibacterial drugs
Antifungal drugs
Antiprotozoal drugs
Antihelminthic drugs
Antiviral drugs
32
Q

Antibacterials that Target the cell wall are?

A 
Penicillins
Clavulanic acid
Cephalosporins 
Carbepenems
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
33
Q

What am i?

  • Many semisynthetics available.
  • Only problem in allergic reactions.
  • Resistant microbes produce beta lactamase that break the central ring of the penicillin molecule (the beta lactam ring)
A

Penicillin

34
Q

Who am i?

  • Inhibits beta lactamase enzymes
  • Added to penicillins to reduce resistance
  • Example: Augmentin (clavulanic acid + amoxicillin)
A

Clavulanic acid

35
Q

Who am i?

  • Many generations available
  • Good for people allergic to penicillin
  • Can be affected by beta lactamase producing microbes
A

Cephalosporins

36
Q

Who am i?

  • Good for people allergic to penicillin
  • Broad Spectrum
  • Reserved for more serious infections
  • Resistant to beta lactamase enzymes
A

Carbepenems

37
Q

What is used topically against staph and strep. Found in triple antibiotic ointment?

A

Bacitracin

38
Q

What is used for multidrug resistant staph or strep infections?

A

Vancomycin

39
Q

What inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid?

Also used in combination therapy to treat tuberculosis and leprosy.

A

Isoniazid

40
Q

What prevents the encorporation of mycolic acid in the cell wall.
Also used in combination with isoniazid.

A

Ethambutol

41
Q

Antibacterials that Target 70S ribosomes (protein synthesis) are?

A
  • Streptomycin
  • Neomycin
  • Tetracycline
  • Erythromycin
  • Clindamycin
42
Q

Who am i?

  • first drug to treat Gram negative infection and tuberculosis
  • Broad spectrum
  • Can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity
A

Streptomycin (1943)

43
Q

Who am i?

  • treats Gram negative infection
  • Is nephrotoxic so is usually used topically (part of the triple antibiotic ointment
A

Neomycin

44
Q

Who am i?

  • Very broad spectrum
  • Can stain growing teeth brown
  • Causes superinfections
A

Tetracycline

45
Q

Who am i?

  • Family of antibiotics (includes the “Z pack”)
  • Good for patients allergic to penicillin
  • Used of respiratory, ear and skin infections
A

Erythromycin

46
Q

Who am i?

  • Used to treat drug resistant staph and stomach and intestinal infections that do not respond to other medications
  • Good for anaerobic infections
A

Clindamycin

47
Q

Antibacterials that microbial metabolism are?

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

48
Q

Who am i?

-Inhibit the synthesis of folic acid

A

Sulfonamides

49
Q

What is a sulfonamide and is used for UTI’s?

A

Trimethoprim

50
Q

Antibacterials that target DNA or RNA are?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Rifamycin

51
Q
  • Inhibit bacterial topoisomerases or helicases (inhibit DNA synthesis)
  • Used for serious infections like anthrax, kidney infections, pneumonia, etc.
A

Fluoroquinolones

52
Q
  • Inhibits RNA synthesis
  • Used for tuberculosis (in combination with isoniazid and ethambutol)
  • Also used for meningitis
A

Rifammycin

53
Q

Folic acid is need to synthesize ___ and ___ nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA

54
Q

We don’t make our own _______, we get it in our diet

A

folic acid

55
Q

Antibacterials that target the Plasma Membrane

A

Polymyxin B

56
Q
  • Interacts with phospholipids and distorts the plasma membrane, making it leaky
  • Most effective against Gram negative bacteria
  • Usually used topically (part of the triple antibiotic ointment)
  • Can be used against Pseudomonas
A

Polymyxin B

microbiology (9 decks)

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