Chapter 10 Flashcards
Who discovered the original penicillin in 1928? (a shot)
Alexander Flemming
A drug must be able to?
- easy to administer
- able to reach the infectious agents anywhere in the body
- selectively toxic
- remain in the body as long as needed, and can be safely and easily broken down and excreted
- very few drugs meet all these
absolutely toxic to the infectious agent and nontoxic to the host this is?
selectively toxic
Drugs from bacteria?
streptomyces and bacillus
Drugs from mold?
Penicillium and cephalopsporium
Before starting treatment what are the three factor you must know?
- nature of the microorganism
- degree of the microorganisms susceptibility (sensitivity) to various drugs.
- overall medical condition of the patient.
What test for drug susceptibility measures the zone of inhibition surrounding the discs is measured and compared with a standard for each drug?
Kirby-Bauer technique
What test for drug susceptibility is this?
-Antimicrobial is diluted
-Each tube is inoculated with a small uniform sample of pure culture
-Minimum inhibitory concentration
The test can be expanded to determine a MBC (Minimum bactericidal concentration
Tube dilution tests
What is the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth?
Minimum inhibitory concentration
What are the two tests that test drug susceptibility?
- Kirby-Bauer technique
- Tube dilution tests
What is the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose
Therapeutic index
1.1 is?
a risky choice for drug reactions.
Before prescribing an antibiotic a doctor should ask?
- Preexisting conditions
- History of allergy
- Underlying liver or kidney disease
- Infants, the elderly, and pregnant
Drug testing summary includes?
- Lab tests
- Animal tests
- Human Clinical Trials
Which phase is done in healthy young people (usually males) to test for toxicity
Phase I Clinical trial of Human Clinical Trials
Which phase is done in persons with the infection or disorder to see if the drug is effective
Phase II clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials
Which phase continues after phase II but compares the drug to any current treatments on the market
Phase III clinical trials of Human Clinical Trials
Which phase occurs after market studies
Phase IV of Human Clinical Trials
What are these?
- Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- Inhibition of nucleic acid structure and function
- Inhibition of protein synthesis
- Interference with cell membrane structure and function
- Inhibition of a metabolic process
Modes of actions for Antimicrobial drugs
What targets peptidoglycan
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?
DNA or RNA structure or synthesis is?
What targets the prokaryotic ribosome
Inhibition of protein synthesis