Chapter 11

Question 1

HMP means?

Answer 1

The Human Microbiome Project

Question 2

Factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection are?

Answer 2

Old age and extreme youth (infancy, prematurity)
Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
Surgery and organ transplants
Underlying disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs
Physical and mental stress
Pregnancy
Other infections

Question 3

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is?

Answer 3

a pathogen

Question 4

any deviation from health is a?

Answer 4

Disease

Question 5

an organism’s potential to cause infection or disease is?

Answer 5

pathogenicity

Question 6

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses are?

Answer 6

primary pathogens

Question 7

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them or when normal flora is destroyed

Answer 7

opportunistic pathogens

Question 8

the degree of pathogenicity is?

Answer 8

virulence

Question 9

any characteristic or structure of the microbe contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage is?

Answer 9

virulence factor

Question 10

the route that a microbe takes to enter the tissues of the body to initiate an infection is?

Answer 10

Portal of entry

Question 11

adherence or attachment is?

Answer 11

staying in

Question 12

These are all steps of?
Portal of Entry – “Getting in”
Adherence or Attachment – “Staying in”
Defeating host defenses
Damaging the host
Exiting the host and transmission to the next host

Answer 12

Causing infection

Question 13

What are the five portals of entry?

Answer 13

• respiratory mucous membrane
• gastrointestinal mucous membrane
• genitourinary mucous membrane
• parenteral
• intact skin

Question 14

What is the most common portal of entry?

Answer 14

respiratory mucous membrane (we have to breathe)

Question 15

microbe originating from a source outside the body from the environment or another person or animal is?

Answer 15

exogenous

Question 16

microbe already existing on or in the body – normal biota or a previously silent infection is?

Answer 16

endogenous

Question 17

The minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed is?

Answer 17

ID or ID50

Question 18

Microorganisms with smaller infectious doses have?

Answer 18

greater virulence

Question 19

LD50 is?

Answer 19

lethal dose that is used to measure the effects of microbial toxins

Question 20

Firm attachment is almost always a prerequisite for causing disease because?

Answer 20

the body has so many mechanisms for flushing microbes from tissues