exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
3
Q
cerebrum
A
largest part of brain, split into 2 hemispheres
4
Q
gyri
A
mountains
5
Q
sulci
A
valley
6
Q
gyri and sulci are most prominent parts of cerebrum
A
prominent sulci and prominent gyri
7
Q
prominent sulci
A
lateral sulcus and central sulcus
8
Q
prominent gyri
A
precentral gyrus and post central gyrus
9
Q
precentral gyrus
A
primary motor cortex, motor strip
10
Q
postcentral gyrus
A
primary sensory cortex, sensory strip
11
Q
cerebral cortex
A
surface of cerebrum, “gray matter”, performs higher cogntive activities
12
Q
brainstem
A
midbrain, pons, medulla
13
Q
afferent
A
sensory
14
Q
efferent
A
motor
15
Q
brainstem controls
A
integrative and reflexive actions (respiration, consciousness)
16
Q
cranial nerve nuclei
A
points where cranial nerves attach to brain on the brainstem
17
Q
cerebellum
A
coordinates voluntary movements so muscles contract with correct amount of force and at appropriate times
18
Q
monitors what im planning on doing and where im going
A
cerebellum
19
Q
tracts
A
bundles of axons found in CNS
20
Q
nerves
A
bundle of axons found in PNS
21
Q
neurotransmitters
A
released at end points once charges reach axon’s terminals ramifications.
22
Q
important neurotransmitters for motor function
A
acetylcholine and dopamine
23
Q
nervous system cells
A
glial cells. schwann cells, micoglia, oligodendroglia, astrocytes
24
Q
glial cells
A
supporting cells; support the neurons
25
schwann cells
produce myelin sheath in the PNS
26
oligodendroglia
produce myelin sheath in the CNS
27
planning of voluntary movement does not originate in primary motor cortex
true
28
___ birth place for motor movement
frontal love
29
cortices that first analyze sensory info.
primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary sensory cortex
30
association cortex
"makes sense" of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices; initial planning of voluntary movement; sends rough sequence of motor impulses down to subcortical structures for further processing and refining
31
basal gamglia
helps to filter unwanted motor movements
32
cerebellum
smooths out rough motor impulses, coordinates them, and sends them up to primary motor cortex
33
thalamus
"door way" through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex
34
what receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from basal ganglia and cerebellum
thalamus
35
sensory impulses from the body pass through the
thalamus
36
has important subcortical gray matter structure
thalamus
37
receives neural impulses that have been processes, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus
primary motor cortex
38
descending motor tracts
pyramidal system & extrapyramidal system
39
pyramidal system
carries impulses that control voluntary fine movement; direct activation pathway - goes from point A to B
40
extrapyramidal system
carries impulses that control postural support need by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level; indirect activation pathway
41
upper motor neurons
damage often results in spasticity
42
lower motor neurons
damage results in muscles paralysis or paresis; the final step before motor movement actually occurs
43
final common pathway
lower motor neurons
44
neuromuscular junction
point where axons of lower motor neurons make synaptic connections
45
instrumentation
relies on sophisticated devices to objectively measure components of speech production
46
perceptual analysis
rely on clinician's ears (and eyes) to judge
47
gold standard for evaluating any speech disorder
perceptual analysis
48
2 goals of any speech eval.
understand a patients problem & determine beginning level of treatment
49
differential diagnosis
telling the difference between 2 similar diagnoses
50
5 components necessary for normal speech production
respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody
51
dysarthria
speech production deficit resulting from neuromotor damage to pns or cns
52
apraxia of speech
motor speech disorder often associated with damage to left hemipshere of the brain
53
apraxia is more commonly seen in individuals with
broca's aphasia
54
nerve damage means weak muscles to move air in and out of lungs, which leads to less air for speech production, resulting in
short phrases and reduced loudness and breathy voice
55
normal phonation
complete adduction of vocal folds; sufficent sublgottic air pressure
56
neuromotor damage to nerve that innervate VF adductors effect speech production seen in
flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neuromotor damage to laryngeal muscles
57
phonation
production of voiced phonemes through VF vibration in larynx
58
resonance
proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech accomplished by raising and lowering the velum
59
oral resonance
produced when velum is raised and closes off nasal cavity
60
nasal resonance
produced when velum is lowered and oral cavity is blocked by tongue or lips
61
damage to nerves innervating velar muscles for resonance may cause
hypernasal quality
62
articulation
shaping of vocal air stream into phonemes
63
neuromotor damage to articulators may affect
lips, tongue, jaw, velum or VFs and result in articulation errors
64
prosody
melody of speech, using stress and intonaton to convey meaning
65
neuromotor damage can affect prosody
monopitch and monoloud quality, involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, loudness, and prolonger intervals
66
frenchay dysarthria assessment-2
aids in differential diagnosis among the dysarthrias
67
assessment of intelligibility of dysarthric speech
provides an objective assessment of single-word speech intelligibility
68
speech intelligibility test for windows
computer version of AIDS
69
apraxia battery for adults - 2nd edition
is the only published adult apraxia test, contains 6 subtests, provides info on severity, treatment, suggestions, and changes over time
70
conducting motor speech eval
carefully assess the 5 components of speech production, and assess the 6 salient features
71
salient features
muscle strength, speed of movement, range of motion, accuracy of movement, motor steadiness, and muscle tone
72
muscle strength for accurate speech
requires adequate strength to perform speech production tasks
73
decreased muscle strength
can affect respiration, articulation, resonance, phonation, and prosodu
74
muscle strength assess by
asking patient to press tongue against tongue blade or to count aloud from 1 to 100
75
diagnoses with poor muscle strength
flaccid dysarthria and myasthenia gravis
76
speed of movement for accurate speech
requires very rapid muscle movements of tongue and vocal folds
77
reduced speed of movement is characteristic of most dysarthrias except
hypokinetic
78
speed assessment tasks:
alternate motion rates (AMR) & sequential motion rates (SMR)
79
amr
/p, t, k/ alternating between syllables
80
smr
/puh puh puh/ /tuh tuh tuh/
81
range of movement for accurate speech
requires range of movement of articulators
82
reduced rom may cause
inability to open jaw or completely adduct vocal folds
83
rom assessed by
asking patient to extend or hold articulators in various positions
84
accuracy of movement for clear speech
requires accurate movements of articulators
85
reduced accuracy of movement may cause
distorted consonants & hypernasalities; tremors -> red flag for involuntary movement; hyperkinetic dysarthria
86
accuracy of movement is assessed through
conversational speech and spoken paragraph reading
87
motor steadiness for accurate speech
requires ability to hold articulators still
88
reduced motor steadiness may cause
tremors and large, involuntary movements
89
motor steadiness assessed by
asking patient to hold a position of a prolong vowel
90
muscle tone for normal speech
requires muscles ready for quick movements
91
reduced muscle tone may cause
weakness or paralysis (decreased muscle tone); spasticity or rigidity (increased muscle tone)
92
very clenched, tight voice
spastic dysarthria
93
assessing face and jaw muscles at rest during movement, looking for
abnormal muscle tone, asymmetry, restricted rom
94
specific tasks during oral mech. exam for face and jaw muscles
- symmetry of mouth
-can lips be forced open
-expressionless, masklike appearance
- wrinkling on both sides of forehead
-can patient pucker lips
-puff out cheeks and old air in oral cavity
-does jaw hang loosely or deviate to one side when mouth is wide open
-able to move jaw from right to left
-keep jaw closed while examiner attempts to open it
-keep jaw open while examiner attempts to open it
95
tongue at rest and during movement involves
hypoglossal cranial nerve
96
specific tasks during oral mech exam for tongue
-size appear normal?
-tongue symmetrical?
-are fasiculations present when the tongue is at rest?
- patient able to protude tongue completely?
-patient keep tongue tip at midline while examiner pushes tongue to left and right?
-patient able to touch upper lip with tongue tip?
-can patient keep tongue tip pressed against inside of cheeck as examiner pushes the cheeck inward
-can patient move tongue from side to side
97
fasiculations
visible, twitch-like movements; characteristic of flaccid dysarthria
98
velum and pharynx at rest and during movements
many of these muscles innervated by vagus
99
specific tasks during oral mech. exam for velum and pharynx
-velum rises symmetrically each time patient says /a/?
-pharyngeal gag reflux when back wall of pharynx is touched?
100
what does it mean when theres no pharyngeal gag reflux
sensory nerve is not intact
101
what does it mean when the pharyngeal reflux is heightened
spastic dysarthria occurs
102
larynx cannot be observed directly
true
103
specific tasks during oral mech. exam for larynx
- can patient produce sharp cough?
- can patient produce sharp glottal stop?
- is inhalatory stridor present?
104
glottal stop/coup
clearing your throat; only involves active participation of phontory system
105
stridor
think of like an asthmatic breath
106
specific tasks for phonatory-respiratory system
-deep breath and say /a/ as long as possible
-latency period between signal to say /a/ and initiation of phonation
-quality, pitch, loudness, and phonations
107
resonation system specific tasks
take deep breath and say /u/ as long as possible while clinician squeezes nose
108
combined systems: phonation, respiration, resonance, and artic.
AMR & SMR
109
stress testing for motor speech mechanisms
mysathenia gravis
110
non-verbal apraxia of speech
disruption in sequencing of oral movements that are nonverbal
111
specfic tasks for testing nonverbal apraxia
have patient perform voluntary, nonverbal oral movements without demonstrating beforehand
112
testing of apraxia
count from 1-20 backwards, read sentences, including spontaneous and on demand
113
analysis of connected speech
-clinician records patient reading a standard reading passage
-rate patient performance on the qualities listed
