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motor speech > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain, split into 2 hemispheres

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4
Q

gyri

A

mountains

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5
Q

sulci

A

valley

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6
Q

gyri and sulci are most prominent parts of cerebrum

A

prominent sulci and prominent gyri

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7
Q

prominent sulci

A

lateral sulcus and central sulcus

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8
Q

prominent gyri

A

precentral gyrus and post central gyrus

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9
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex, motor strip

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10
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary sensory cortex, sensory strip

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11
Q

cerebral cortex

A

surface of cerebrum, “gray matter”, performs higher cogntive activities

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12
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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13
Q

afferent

A

sensory

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14
Q

efferent

A

motor

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15
Q

brainstem controls

A

integrative and reflexive actions (respiration, consciousness)

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16
Q

cranial nerve nuclei

A

points where cranial nerves attach to brain on the brainstem

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17
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary movements so muscles contract with correct amount of force and at appropriate times

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18
Q

monitors what im planning on doing and where im going

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

tracts

A

bundles of axons found in CNS

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20
Q

nerves

A

bundle of axons found in PNS

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21
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released at end points once charges reach axon’s terminals ramifications.

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22
Q

important neurotransmitters for motor function

A

acetylcholine and dopamine

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23
Q

nervous system cells

A

glial cells. schwann cells, micoglia, oligodendroglia, astrocytes

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24
Q

glial cells

A

supporting cells; support the neurons

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25
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath in the PNS

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26
Q

oligodendroglia

A

produce myelin sheath in the CNS

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27
Q

planning of voluntary movement does not originate in primary motor cortex

A

true

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28
Q

___ birth place for motor movement

A

frontal love

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29
Q

cortices that first analyze sensory info.

A

primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary sensory cortex

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30
Q

association cortex

A

“makes sense” of sensory impulses initially analyzed by primary cortices; initial planning of voluntary movement; sends rough sequence of motor impulses down to subcortical structures for further processing and refining

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31
Q

basal gamglia

A

helps to filter unwanted motor movements

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32
Q

cerebellum

A

smooths out rough motor impulses, coordinates them, and sends them up to primary motor cortex

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33
Q

thalamus

A

“door way” through which subcortical systems communicate with cerebral cortex

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34
Q

what receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from basal ganglia and cerebellum

A

thalamus

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35
Q

sensory impulses from the body pass through the

A

thalamus

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36
Q

has important subcortical gray matter structure

A

thalamus

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37
Q

receives neural impulses that have been processes, smoothed, and coordinated by basal ganglia, cerebellum, and thalamus

A

primary motor cortex

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38
Q

descending motor tracts

A

pyramidal system & extrapyramidal system

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39
Q

pyramidal system

A

carries impulses that control voluntary fine movement; direct activation pathway - goes from point A to B

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40
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

carries impulses that control postural support need by fine motor movements and works at more of an unconscious level; indirect activation pathway

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41
Q

upper motor neurons

A

damage often results in spasticity

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42
Q

lower motor neurons

A

damage results in muscles paralysis or paresis; the final step before motor movement actually occurs

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43
Q

final common pathway

A

lower motor neurons

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44
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

point where axons of lower motor neurons make synaptic connections

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45
Q

instrumentation

A

relies on sophisticated devices to objectively measure components of speech production

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46
Q

perceptual analysis

A

rely on clinician’s ears (and eyes) to judge

47
Q

gold standard for evaluating any speech disorder

A

perceptual analysis

48
Q

2 goals of any speech eval.

A

understand a patients problem & determine beginning level of treatment

49
Q

differential diagnosis

A

telling the difference between 2 similar diagnoses

50
Q

5 components necessary for normal speech production

A

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody

51
Q

dysarthria

A

speech production deficit resulting from neuromotor damage to pns or cns

52
Q

apraxia of speech

A

motor speech disorder often associated with damage to left hemipshere of the brain

53
Q

apraxia is more commonly seen in individuals with

A

broca’s aphasia

54
Q

nerve damage means weak muscles to move air in and out of lungs, which leads to less air for speech production, resulting in

A

short phrases and reduced loudness and breathy voice

55
Q

normal phonation

A

complete adduction of vocal folds; sufficent sublgottic air pressure

56
Q

neuromotor damage to nerve that innervate VF adductors effect speech production seen in

A

flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, neuromotor damage to laryngeal muscles

57
Q

phonation

A

production of voiced phonemes through VF vibration in larynx

58
Q

resonance

A

proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech accomplished by raising and lowering the velum

59
Q

oral resonance

A

produced when velum is raised and closes off nasal cavity

60
Q

nasal resonance

A

produced when velum is lowered and oral cavity is blocked by tongue or lips

61
Q

damage to nerves innervating velar muscles for resonance may cause

A

hypernasal quality

62
Q

articulation

A

shaping of vocal air stream into phonemes

63
Q

neuromotor damage to articulators may affect

A

lips, tongue, jaw, velum or VFs and result in articulation errors

64
Q

prosody

A

melody of speech, using stress and intonaton to convey meaning

65
Q

neuromotor damage can affect prosody

A

monopitch and monoloud quality, involuntary movements can result in irregular pitch variations, loudness, and prolonger intervals

66
Q

frenchay dysarthria assessment-2

A

aids in differential diagnosis among the dysarthrias

67
Q

assessment of intelligibility of dysarthric speech

A

provides an objective assessment of single-word speech intelligibility

68
Q

speech intelligibility test for windows

A

computer version of AIDS

69
Q

apraxia battery for adults - 2nd edition

A

is the only published adult apraxia test, contains 6 subtests, provides info on severity, treatment, suggestions, and changes over time

70
Q

conducting motor speech eval

A

carefully assess the 5 components of speech production, and assess the 6 salient features

71
Q

salient features

A

muscle strength, speed of movement, range of motion, accuracy of movement, motor steadiness, and muscle tone

72
Q

muscle strength for accurate speech

A

requires adequate strength to perform speech production tasks

73
Q

decreased muscle strength

A

can affect respiration, articulation, resonance, phonation, and prosodu

74
Q

muscle strength assess by

A

asking patient to press tongue against tongue blade or to count aloud from 1 to 100

75
Q

diagnoses with poor muscle strength

A

flaccid dysarthria and myasthenia gravis

76
Q

speed of movement for accurate speech

A

requires very rapid muscle movements of tongue and vocal folds

77
Q

reduced speed of movement is characteristic of most dysarthrias except

A

hypokinetic

78
Q

speed assessment tasks:

A

alternate motion rates (AMR) & sequential motion rates (SMR)

79
Q

amr

A

/p, t, k/ alternating between syllables

80
Q

smr

A

/puh puh puh/ /tuh tuh tuh/

81
Q

range of movement for accurate speech

A

requires range of movement of articulators

82
Q

reduced rom may cause

A

inability to open jaw or completely adduct vocal folds

83
Q

rom assessed by

A

asking patient to extend or hold articulators in various positions

84
Q

accuracy of movement for clear speech

A

requires accurate movements of articulators

85
Q

reduced accuracy of movement may cause

A

distorted consonants & hypernasalities; tremors -> red flag for involuntary movement; hyperkinetic dysarthria

86
Q

accuracy of movement is assessed through

A

conversational speech and spoken paragraph reading

87
Q

motor steadiness for accurate speech

A

requires ability to hold articulators still

88
Q

reduced motor steadiness may cause

A

tremors and large, involuntary movements

89
Q

motor steadiness assessed by

A

asking patient to hold a position of a prolong vowel

90
Q

muscle tone for normal speech

A

requires muscles ready for quick movements

91
Q

reduced muscle tone may cause

A

weakness or paralysis (decreased muscle tone); spasticity or rigidity (increased muscle tone)

92
Q

very clenched, tight voice

A

spastic dysarthria

93
Q

assessing face and jaw muscles at rest during movement, looking for

A

abnormal muscle tone, asymmetry, restricted rom

94
Q

specific tasks during oral mech. exam for face and jaw muscles

A
  • symmetry of mouth
    -can lips be forced open
    -expressionless, masklike appearance
  • wrinkling on both sides of forehead
    -can patient pucker lips
    -puff out cheeks and old air in oral cavity
    -does jaw hang loosely or deviate to one side when mouth is wide open
    -able to move jaw from right to left
    -keep jaw closed while examiner attempts to open it
    -keep jaw open while examiner attempts to open it
95
Q

tongue at rest and during movement involves

A

hypoglossal cranial nerve

96
Q

specific tasks during oral mech exam for tongue

A

-size appear normal?
-tongue symmetrical?
-are fasiculations present when the tongue is at rest?
- patient able to protude tongue completely?
-patient keep tongue tip at midline while examiner pushes tongue to left and right?
-patient able to touch upper lip with tongue tip?
-can patient keep tongue tip pressed against inside of cheeck as examiner pushes the cheeck inward
-can patient move tongue from side to side

97
Q

fasiculations

A

visible, twitch-like movements; characteristic of flaccid dysarthria

98
Q

velum and pharynx at rest and during movements

A

many of these muscles innervated by vagus

99
Q

specific tasks during oral mech. exam for velum and pharynx

A

-velum rises symmetrically each time patient says /a/?
-pharyngeal gag reflux when back wall of pharynx is touched?

100
Q

what does it mean when theres no pharyngeal gag reflux

A

sensory nerve is not intact

101
Q

what does it mean when the pharyngeal reflux is heightened

A

spastic dysarthria occurs

102
Q

larynx cannot be observed directly

A

true

103
Q

specific tasks during oral mech. exam for larynx

A
  • can patient produce sharp cough?
  • can patient produce sharp glottal stop?
  • is inhalatory stridor present?
104
Q

glottal stop/coup

A

clearing your throat; only involves active participation of phontory system

105
Q

stridor

A

think of like an asthmatic breath

106
Q

specific tasks for phonatory-respiratory system

A

-deep breath and say /a/ as long as possible
-latency period between signal to say /a/ and initiation of phonation
-quality, pitch, loudness, and phonations

107
Q

resonation system specific tasks

A

take deep breath and say /u/ as long as possible while clinician squeezes nose

108
Q

combined systems: phonation, respiration, resonance, and artic.

A

AMR & SMR

109
Q

stress testing for motor speech mechanisms

A

mysathenia gravis

110
Q

non-verbal apraxia of speech

A

disruption in sequencing of oral movements that are nonverbal

111
Q

specfic tasks for testing nonverbal apraxia

A

have patient perform voluntary, nonverbal oral movements without demonstrating beforehand

112
Q

testing of apraxia

A

count from 1-20 backwards, read sentences, including spontaneous and on demand

113
Q

analysis of connected speech

A

-clinician records patient reading a standard reading passage
-rate patient performance on the qualities listed

motor speech (12 decks)

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