chapter 8

Question 1

hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 1

caused by any process that damages basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)

Question 2

speech characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 2

harsh vocal quality, reduced stress, monoloudness, imprecise consonants

Question 3

hypokinetic dysarthria will only be seen in

Answer 3

parksinson’s disease, parkinsonism

Question 4

parkinsonism

Answer 4

know the etiology

Question 5

parkinson’s disease

Answer 5

etiology is unknown

Question 6

hypo and hyper refer to

Answer 6

range of movement

Question 7

neurologic basis of hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 7

unique as only dysarthria with increased rate of system, mainly one causative factor, symptoms caused by dysfunction to basal ganglia or to basal ganglia’a neural connections to other parts of CNS

Question 8

characteristics of parkinsonism

Answer 8

resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, spasticity, akinesia, postural reflexes

Question 9

resting tremor

Answer 9

males more effected than females; hands are shaking without doing anything

Question 10

bradykinesia

Answer 10

slow, reduced range of movement

Question 11

rigidity

Answer 11

tight muscle tone from start to finish

Question 12

akinesia

Answer 12

delay in initation of movements

Question 13

causes of parkinsonism

Answer 13

caused by dysfunction in basal ganglia

Question 14

dopamine

Answer 14

inhibitory

Question 15

acetylcholine

Answer 15

excitatory

Question 16

causes of hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 16

-parkinsonism: collective term for different disorders sharing many similar symptoms
-idiopathic PD
neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism
postencephalitic parkinsonism
traumatic head injury
toxic metal posioning
stroke

Question 17

speech characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 17

most notable errors: prosody and articulation

Question 18

speech characteristics prosody

Answer 18

monopitch, reduced stress, and monloudness, festinating speech

Question 19

speech characteristics artic.

Answer 19

imprecise consonants, repeated phonemes, palilalia

Question 20

speech characteristics phontion

Answer 20

harsh/breathy quality, aphonia, low pitch

Question 21

speech characteristics respiration

Answer 21

sometimes noted

Question 22

speech characteristics resonance

Answer 22

if present, mild hypernasality

Question 23

key evaluation tasks for hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 23

conversational speech and reading, speech alternate motion rates (AMRs), vowel prolongations

Question 24

treatment of hypokinetic dysarthria

Answer 24

pharmacologic, surgical, behavioral

Question 25

pharmalogic treatments

Answer 25

replacing dopamine in striatum; L-Dopa; correct neurotransmitter imbalance by decreasing acetylcholine activity in striatum

Question 26

surgical treatments for parkinsonism

Answer 26

complicated and invasive, used when patient incapacitated and medications ineffective, two general types

Question 27

stem-cell implantation

Answer 27

stem cells unique as can transform themselves into different types of cells, found naturally in embryos and can be grown in labs, significant amount of research concentrated on using stem cells to treat parkinsonism

Question 28

behavioral treatments

Answer 28

speech-therapy

Question 29

artic. treatment

Answer 29

compounded by increased rate, treatment types; rate reduction, stretching, taditional artic. tasks

Question 30

phonation

Answer 30

adduct VFs on partially or have harsh or breathy vocal quality; pushing and pulling procedure, hard glottal attack, voice amplifiers, instrumental biofeedbacks, Lee Silverman Voice Treatment

Question 31

respiration

Answer 31

shallow breath support can cause shortened phrases and decreased loudness; speaking immediately on exhalation, cueing for complete inhalation, slow and controlled exhalation, stop phonation early

Question 32

prosody

Answer 32

improved by slowing rate; intonation profiles, contrastive stress drills, chunking utterances ino syntactic units