chapter 7

Question 1

ataxic dysarthria

Answer 1

motor speech disorder often due to damage to cerebellum or its neural pathways

Question 2

primarily results in speech errors that are

Answer 2

articulatory and prosodic, giving speech unsteady and slurred quality

Question 3

neurologic basis of ataxic dysarthria

Answer 3

caused by damage to cerebellum or neural pathways that connect cerebellum to other parts of CNS

Question 4

ataxia

Answer 4

greek word for “lack of order”; widespread incoordination

Question 5

cerebellum

Answer 5

primary function: coordinate timing and force of muscular contractions
-processes sensory information from all over body and integrates information into execution of movement

Question 6

cerebellar peduncles

Answer 6

communicates with rest of CNS through three bundles of neural tracts called cerebellar peduncles

Question 7

inferior peduncle allows cerebellum to

Answer 7

receive sensory info from entire body about position of body parts, recgonize what body is doing during movement and whether motor impulse to muscles is accomplishing intended results, monitor timing and force of movements while performed

Question 8

middle peduncle allows cerebellum to

Answer 8

receive preliminary info from cortex regrding planned movements, coordinate planned movements by integrating sensory info from body with individuals experience of what appropriate movement should be, smoothing and refining according to current conditions
-when you;re falling this is what makes you try to steady yourself and not fall

Question 9

superior peduncle

Answer 9

have main output to rest of CNS, send its processed motor impulses to motor areas of cortex, completing corticocerebellar control circuit

Question 10

cerebellar control circuits

Answer 10

neurons that course through 3 cerebellar pathways

Question 11

extrapyramidal system

Answer 11

makes rapid adjustments in timing and force of movements to compensate for unexpected changes in circumstances of movement

Question 12

causes of ataxic dysarthria

Answer 12

damage to cerebellum or its control circuits causing difficulties coordinating voluntary movements

Question 13

cerebellar ataxia

Answer 13

movements deficits of timing, force, range, and direction

Question 14

vermis

Answer 14

midpoint of cerebellum between cerebellar hemispheres upon which speech coordination is highly dependent

Question 15

stroke

Answer 15

Blockage of arteries serving the cerebellum

Question 16

toxic conditions

Answer 16

-lead and mercury posioning
-long and short term alcohol consumption
exposure to chemicals such as acrylamide and cyanide

Question 17

toxic levels that may not be irreversible

Answer 17

phenytoin (dilantin) antiseizure drug

Question 18

metabolic conditions

Answer 18

vitamin E or b12 deficiency, severe cases of hypothyroidism, hereditary disorders such as wilson’s disease

Question 19

TBI

Answer 19

trauma to cerebellum tends to be diffuse, as with most head injuries
-cerebellar peduncles especially vulnerable to twisting and rotational forces because cerebellum essentialy an appendage attached to brainstem

Question 20

tumors

Answer 20

extent of ataxic dysarthria depends on location and size of tumor

Question 21

metastatic tumors

Answer 21

most common; formed when primary tumor sheds cancerous cells that seed a secondary tumor

Question 22

low-grade astrocystoms

Answer 22

slow-growing type of tumor appearing frequently in cerebellum, especially in children

Question 23

hemangioblastomas

Answer 23

benign tumors of proliferated blood vessels found occasionally in cerebellum

Question 24

speech characteristics of ataxic dysarthria

Answer 24

movements appear poorly coordinated, problems controlling timing/force for speed, slurred, montonous articulation, primarily disorder of articulation and prosody, scanning speech

Question 25

scanning speech

Answer 25

term to describe ataxic dysarthria, describing slow, deliberate production of syllables, with each syllable in a word receiving equal stress

Question 26

articulation

Answer 26

significant problem, imprecise consonant production, distorted vowels, irregular articulatory breakdowns, decomposition of movement

Question 27

distorted vowels

Answer 27

gives slurred quality, caused by cerebellar damage disrupting timing, force, range, and direction of movements

Question 28

decomposition of movement

Answer 28

manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction, where instead of smooth coordinated movements, they are distinct and jerky

Question 29

prosody

Answer 29

equal and excess stress the distingushing characteristic of ataxic dysarhria, prolonged phonemes and prolonged intervals between phonemes, monopitch and monoloudness

Question 30

phonation

Answer 30

few phonatory deficits noted in ataxic, harsh vocal quality, voice tremor

Question 31

harsh vocal quality

Answer 31

caused by decreased muscle tone in laryngeal and respiratory structures, preventing full contraction of the muscle groups

Question 32

resonance

Answer 32

hypernasality, hyponasality

Question 33

hyponasality

Answer 33

more present, intermittent, caused by timing errors between muscles of velum and other muscles of articulation

Question 34

respiration

Answer 34

uncoordinated movements in respiratory muscles, contributing to speech deficits paradoxical movements

Question 35

paradoxical movements

Answer 35

movements againist each other rather than in coordination; leads patient to speak on residual air, which can lean to increased rate of speech, decreased loudness, and harsh vocal quality

Question 36

key evaluation tasks for ataxic

Answer 36

AMR, reading, conversational speech, and repeating sentences containing numerous multisyllabic words

Question 37

speech alternate motor tasks

Answer 37

slower than normal, difficulty maintaining steady rhythm with repeition, severe cases: speed up abruptly then slow down, AMRs are more susceptible in ataxic compared to any other dysarthria

Question 38

treatment

Answer 38

damage affects speed, force, and timing of movements of articulators, resulting in uncoordinated movement; most evident speech errors related to artic and prosody

Question 39

respiration

Answer 39

do not need to address strengthening, concentrate on controlling airlfow more accurately during speech, as uncoordinated movements of respiratory muscles cause speech on residual air, affecting prosody and phonation

Question 40

tasks to help improve breath control during speech

Answer 40

slowed controlled exhalation, speak immediately on exhalation, stop phonation early, optimal breath group: teaching how many syllables or words can be said clearly on one full inhalation

Question 41

tasks to help improve breath control during speech

Answer 41

slowed controlled exhalation, speak immediately on exhalation, stop phonation early, optimal breath group: teaching how many syllables or words can be said clearly on one full inhalation

Question 42

prosody

Answer 42

prosodic problems involve rate, stress, intonation

Question 43

rate control prosody

Answer 43

slow irregular rate characteristic of ataxic dysarthria, but may attempt to speak too rapid for speech capabilities

Question 44

rate control tasks

Answer 44

reciting syllables to a metronome, finger or hand tapping, cued reading material

Question 45

stress and intonation prosody

Answer 45

concentrate on developing more natural pitch and loudness variations in connected speech; exercises: contrastive stress drills, pitch range exercises, intonation profiles, chunking utterances into syntactic units