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Bio > Evidence for Evolution > Flashcards

Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homologus structures

A

similar structure and origin with different function

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2
Q

analogus structures

A

similar function but different origin

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3
Q

vestigial structure

A

structures from ancestors that are useless

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4
Q

biogeography

A

island populations

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5
Q

fossils

A

preserved remains or impressions that remain after a long period of time

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6
Q

embryology

A

similar stages of embryonic development

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7
Q

DNA

A

determines how closely organisms are related- by comparison, traits passed on by generations changed by mutations

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8
Q

divergent evolution

A

the same species can be isolated to different environments, limiting gene flow, to allow for the selection of different traits (homologus structures)

  • two groups of the same species evolve different traits
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9
Q

convergent evolution

A

unrelated organisms that evolve similar traits due to similar environments or niches they inhabit (analogus structures)

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10
Q

parallel evolution

A

two related organisms, independently evolving on the same paths

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11
Q

What is evolution

A

change over time-process by which modern organisms descended from ancient ones

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12
Q

James hutton

A

forces change earth’s shape, changes are slow, earth is old

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13
Q

Charles Lyell

A

geographical features can be built up or torn down

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14
Q

Lamarck’s theory

A

tendency towards perfection (giraffe neck), use and disuse (birds using forearms), inheritance of acquired traits

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15
Q

Thomas malthus

A

if population grew=insufficient living space, food runs out (more babies born than die idea that Darwin applied to animals)

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16
Q

what do organisms with homologus structures have that organisms with analogus structures don’t have

A

a common ancestor

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17
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional breeding for certain traits-human preference could be a simulation for how it would play out

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18
Q

natural selection

A

process by which traits become more or less common in a population based on its importance to survival where the environment controls these factors

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19
Q

what are the five points of natural selection

A

populations has variations, some variations are favourable, more offspring are produced than survive, those that survive have favourable traits, a population will change over time

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20
Q

what is an adaptation

A

structure, behaviour, or physiological process that help an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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21
Q

mimicry

A

the ability to mimic something you’re not; organisms mimicking another organism to appear like a more harmful species to have predators avoid it

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22
Q

what is a variation

A

structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals of a species

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23
Q

what determines whether a variation has a positive or negative effect

A

the environment

24
Q

what is microevolution

A

change in the frequency of a gene pool in a small scale–happens from one generation to another

25
Q

what does a mutation do

A

invites new alleles to a population

26
Q

what is a gene pool

A

the different genes in an interbreeding population

27
Q

what is fitness

A

reproductive success and how apt an organism is at surviving

28
Q

gene flow (migration)

A

gene flow occurs between two different interbreeding populations that have different allele frequencies

29
Q

non-random mating

A

individuals in a population select mates based on their phenotypes

29
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in genetic variation due to CHANCE

30
Q

genetic drift: bottleneck

A

when a severe event results in a drastic reduction in numbers BY CHANCE (ex. seal population decreases bc of overhunting)

31
Q

genetic drift: founder

A

when a few individuals from a large population leave to establish a new population with different allele frequency than the original population

32
Q

types of natural selection

A

sexual selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection, disruptive selection

33
Q

sexual selection

A

favours the selection of any trait that influences the mating success of the individual

34
Q

stabilizing selection

A

removes severe phenotypes, reproductive success of the normal phenotypes

35
Q

directional selection

A

extreme phenotype is favoured over normal phenotypes.

36
Q

disruptive selection

A

extreme values of a trait are favoured over intermediate ones, variance of trait is increased and divided into 2 distinct groups

37
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution of a geological time of groups larger than one individual, new species arise

38
Q

the process by which a new species arrives

A

speciation

39
Q

biological species

A

group of organisms that can reproduce with each other in nature and produce fertile offspring

40
Q

allopatric speciation

A

occurs when geographical barriers divide a population

  • geographical: most important factor in starting speciation
  • physical/behavioural changes: keep the two species isolated from each other
41
Q

reproductive speciation

A

any factor in nature that prevents interbreeding

  • extrinsic: outside of the organisms (geographical)
  • intrinsic: internal characteristics (differences in anatomy, physiology, and behaviour)
42
Q

what are the 6 intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

ecological
temporal
behavioural
mechanical
gametic
hybrid inviability

43
Q

ecological isolation

A

different habitats for two species prevent interbreeding (lions=grasslands, tigers=jungles)

44
Q

temporal isolation

A

two species share the same environment, but don’t mate within the same time frame (ex. two plants release pollen at different times of the year, non-overlapping reproductive periods reduces gene flow)

45
Q

behavioural isolation

A

even if populations are in contact and breeding can occur, they have to CHOOSE to mate based on SPECIFIC COURTSHIP AND MATING DISPLAYS

46
Q

mechanical isolation

A

reproductive organs differ in size or shape or another feature (ex. diff species of alpine butterflies look similar but have different reproductive organs)

47
Q

gametic isolation

A

even with mating, incompatibilities between the sperm and egg/female reproductive tract can prevent offspring from resulting

48
Q

hybrid inability or infertility

A

even if offspring develop they’re most likely sterile or malformed (ex. mule=horse and donkey)

49
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs when there are no physical barriers preventing any members of a species from mating with each other, and all members are in close proximity to each other

a new species seems to develop spontaneously through a new food source, characteristic, etc.

occurs often through polyploidy

50
Q

polyploidy

A

multiplication of number of chromosomes in an organism, most often occurs in plants that self-pollinate

51
Q

speciation through hybridization

A

egg and sperm come together and rarely produce a healthy offspring (hybridization is only sometimes successful in plant species)

52
Q

generalists vs specialists

A

g: diverse diet, when the food source changes generalists move on and eat something else

s: specific diet even when food is scarce, when the food source changes specialists must adapt or face death

53
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid emergence of a single species introduced into a new environment

54
Q

what conditions contribute to speciation

A

specialization of food source and migration to new environment, especially if there is no competition

55
Q

phyletic gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium

A

pg: gradual, small changes

pe: long periods of stasis with little to no evolution interrupted by short periods of rapid evolution

Bio (19 decks)

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