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What is an adverb?
An adverb is something that modifies a verb, adjectives other adverbs or whole sentences.
Adverbs give information about time, place, manner or degree, and answer questions such as when?, where?, how?, how much?, to what extent?
Example - today, here, now
Uses of vocative
The vocative case in Latin is used to address a person ( or thing ) directly . Its form is identical to the nominative in both the singular and the plural of all declensions , except for the singular of 2nd declension nouns ending in -us or -ius . 2nd declension nouns in -us use the vocative singular ending -e ; those ending in -ius use the ending -ī
Sometimes the vocative is preceded by ō and , in modern texts , it is often set off from the rest of the sentence by commas . The vocative can appear in statements and questions , but it is especially common in commands
What does amavi mean?
I have loved
Uses of dative
The dative case is usually best translated “ to____“or “ for “ and , like the genitive , has a number of different uses . Two of the most common uses are to show :
Indirect Object - the person to whom something is given , said or done
He gives a gift to the girl . Puellae dõnum dat .
Reference ( Interest ) - the person to whom a statement refers or is of interest
Dominō labōrat - He is working for the master
What does vīsus mean?
Having been seen
What does amatus mean?
Having been loved
What is a preposition?
a preposition connects a noun or pronoun to another word in the English Examples today, often, here, well from, into, with, by sentence and shows a relationship between the two
Example - from, into, with, by
Uses of genitive
The genitive case is usually best translated “ of 2nd Declension locī locōrum د and can indicate several different relationships between a noun and another word . Two of the most common uses of the genitive are to show :
Possession:
liber puellae - the book of the girl ( the girl’s book )
animus virī - the spirit of the man ( the man’s spirit )
Of the Whole ( Partitive ) -
the genitive expresses the whole of which a part is mentioned
turba virōrum a crowd of men
nēmō fēminārum no one of the women (none of the women)
What is complementary infinitive use and how to spot it?
A “complementary infinitive” is an infinitive used with a verb whose meaning is not felt to be complete: “you ought” or “they dare” by themselves are not specific about either your duty or their daring.
What is an intransitive verb?
An intransitive verb is a verb that doesn’t require a direct object (ie, a noun, pronoun or noun phrase) to indicate the person or thing acted upon.
How do you pair prepositions?
The preposition is either accusative or ablative, the pairing word must also be accusative or ablative
Like adverbs, prepositional phrases give information about (e.g.) where, with whom, or why the action of the verb occurs:
How to identify an imperative?
To indicate a direct command, Latin uses a mood called the imperative (from the Latin verb imperō, to command), which usually appears in the second person (singular or plural) and present tense.
The singular form is usually the same as the present stem, found by dropping -re from the present active infinitive (§5).
The plural form adds -te to the present stem.
Rules for adverbs
Unlike nouns, adverbs in Latin are not declined. Many adverbs end in -ter or -ē, but the form of others must be memorized.
What is an infinitive/verbal noun?
(Identified in English by -ion ending)
A verbal noun holds properties of both nouns and adverbs. This means that it occupies a middle ground between a verb and a noun and shows characteristics of both. It is active in meaning and only exists in the singular form.
What are the rules of conjunctions?
The most important thing to notice is that the words being connected always have the same function ( e.g. , 2 subjects , 2 verbs ; never a subject and a verb , or a subject and direct object ) :
The sailor helps and works = 2 verbs : help + work
The woman and the man hesitate = 2 subjects : woman + man
The boy shouts but the man is silent = 2 sentences : boy shouts + man is silent
As in English , conjunctions in Latin are commonly placed between the words or phrases they connect . An exception to this is the enclitic -que , which is added to the second item of those being connected.
A coordinating conjunction should lead you to expect another word or phrase with the same function as that in the first item .
If two subjects are joined by a conjunction , the verb will usually be plural
What identifies a linking sentence pattern?
A linking verb such as sum.
What is an interjection?
An exclamation
Uses of ablative
One important use of the ablative without a preposition is to show:
* Means (Instrument) — the thing by or with which something is done
Oculīs videō. I see with my eyes.
Preposition with Ablative:
Place where
Agricola in agrō labōrat . The farmer works in the field .
Place from which
Place from Which ( Motion From ) The girl wanders away from the crowd .
Uses of accusative
Preposition with Accusative - Place to Which (Motion Towards)
Portāsne aquam ad virōs? Are you carrying water to the men?
What identifies a transitive sentence pattern?
Transitive verbs require a direct object to form a complete sentence,
What does monui mean?
I have advised
How to identify any sentence pattern?
The verb sets the sentence pattern
What is a conjunction
a conjunction connects words or groups of words
Example - and, but, if, when
Rules for adjectives
Adjectives are words that modify or describe attributes of nouns. They always agree in case, number and gender with the noun they seek to modify. This doesn’t mean they’ll be from the same declension or that they’ll have the same case ending. Adjectives are split into two groups, those with first and second declension endings and those in the third. There are no adjectives in the fourth or fifth declension. Adjectives can look very similar to nouns.
Some follow the pattern of puer or ager
What is Substantive noun use?
Substantive noun use is when the noun acts as the verb when the verb is missing, and we understand from context. The noun however shows the missing information of the verb. If it is masculine, it is talking about men/man, if its feminine its talking about women/woman or if its neuter then its talking about things.
What is the common/general word order?
Subject
modifier of subject
Indirect object
Modifier of the verb (eg place)
direct object
adverb verb
