breaking down chap 5 Flashcards
What are adjectives?
An adjective is a word naming an attribute of a noun, such as sweet, red, or technical.
Describe the Latin adjective
Adjectives look like nouns and have the same endings. They are split into two groups, those using first and second declension endings, and those using third declension endings. There are none in the fourth or fifth.
Some adjectives follow the pattern of words such as…
Puer -
liber libera liberum liberī liberae liberī
or
Ager -
noster nostra nostrī nostrae etc. nostrum nostrī
How to discover the stem of an adjective?
Note that the stem of these adjectives can be determined by dropping the nominative feminine or neuter singular ending :
līber ( a ) līber ( um ) nostr ( a ) nostr ( um )
Explain the agreement of adjectives
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case , number and gender . This does not mean that they belong to the same declension or that their endings always look the same
When one adjective modifies two or more nouns of different genders , it often agrees with the nearest noun .
Because Latin uses agreement in case , number and gender to indicate what noun an adjective modifies , the adjective and noun do not have to appear next to each other , or in a particular order , as they usually do in English .
HOWEVER
Often an adjective will precede the word it modifies and help to resolve the form of that word if it is otherwise ambiguous .
What is substantive use?
It is when an adjective is used without an accompanying noun.
In this use , the adjective functions as a noun , and the meaning is understood from the context.
In Latin , the gender and number of the adjective give you extra help at filling in the missing noun . If the adjective has a masculine ending , it usually indicates men ( or people in general ) ; if it is feminine , women ; if neuter , things :
Bonus = a good man
bonī ( nom . pl . ) = good men ; good people
aegra ( nom . sg . ) = sick woman
What are the uses of the genitive explained in this chapter?
The genitive can also indicate other relationships between two nouns , although it may still be translated into English with “ of____”
Explanatory - the genitive explains more about the noun - god of the sea. Seeing the genitive in this context means the noun is of the other noun.
Objective - the genitive would be the object if the other noun was a verb - he commands the sea.
A use of the genitive case to express an objective relationship, as in Latin timor mortis (fear of death). It is making a noun the object of another noun.
Subjective - the genitive would be the subject if the noun was a verb
Summarise the meaning of objective/subjective case in the genitive
If the genitive noun expresses the subject of the original verb, it’s a subjective genitive. If the genitive noun expresses the object of the original verb, it’s an objective genitive.
What functions as adjectival modifiers?
The adjective and the uses of the Genitive case that you have learned so far function as adjectival modifiers .
What is the linking sentence pattern?
In this pattern the verb functions like an equal sign , linking the subject to an adjective or noun that describes the subject : the man is ( = ) good . The adjective or noun that completes the picture of the subject is commonly called the subject complement . Since the subject of a finite verb is always nominative , the subject complement is also nominative : vir est bonus . = The man is good . Here are the elements of this sentence pattern :
3 ) Linking
* subject
* linking verb
* subject complement ( = predicate nominative )
How would you recognise the sentence pattern/functions of it?
Look for a linking verb such as sum.
Note that sum may occur in both a linking and an intransitive pattern - When this verb appears as the first word in the sentence , it is frequently a signal of the intransitive pattern : there is , there are .
What is a predicate nominative?
Predicate nominatives are nouns or pronouns that come after a linking verb. Predicate adjectives are adjectives that come after a linking verb.
What are the uses of the ablative taught in this chapter?
With the preposition cum the ablative can indicate two different things , depending whether the noun is animate ( a person ) or inanimate ( not a person ) :
Accompaniment the person / people with whom something is done.
Cum amīcīs labōrat . She works with her friends .
Manner - the way in which something is done
Cum cūrā labōrat . She works with care .
When the noun is modified by an adjective in an ablative of manner , the adjective regularly comes first and the preposition may be omitted . If it is included , it often appears between the two words :
Magnā cum cūrā labōrat . She works with great care .
These uses of the ablative , like the earlier ones , function as Adverbial Modifiers .
