6/12 revision Flashcards
What is the difference between the indicative and the infinitive
The infinitive is a verbal noun meaning “to do …”
The indicative is a form of the verb with a personal ending.
What are principal parts?
Each verb has 4 principle parts (some do not)
What is the difference between intransitive and transitive sentence patterns?
Intransitive - subject + verb
Transitive - Subject + verb + d.o
Rules for conjunctions
Conjunctions connect words, phrases and sentences.
The most important thing to notice is that the words being connected always have the same function ( e.g. , 2 subjects , 2 verbs ; never a subject and a verb , or a subject and direct object).
As in English , conjunctions in Latin are commonly placed between the words or phrases they connect . An exception to this is the enclitic -que , which is added to the second item of those being connected :
What are imperative commands/how to recognise them?
To indicate a direct command, Latin uses a mood called the imperative.
The singular form is usually the same as the present stem, found by dropping -re from the present active infinitive (§5)
The plural form adds -te to the present stem.
What is the vocative case and its use?
Its form is identical to the nominative in both the singular and the plural of all declensions , except for the singular of 2nd declension nouns ending in -us or -ius . 2nd declension nouns in -us use the vocative singular ending -e ; those ending in -ius use the ending -ī :
What are the uses of genitive case?
The genitive case is usually best translated “ of 2nd Declension locī locōrum د and can indicate several different relationships between a noun and another word .
Possession - the book of the girl (the girl’s book )
Of the whole (partitive) -the genitive expresses the whole of which a part is mentioned
turba virōrum = a crowd of men
Explanatory - the genitive explains more about the noun deus pontī god of the sea
Objective - the genitive would be the object if the other noun were a verb
imperium ponti command of the sea = he commands the sea
Subjective - the genitive would be the subject if the other noun were a verb
consilium turbae the advice of the crowd = the crowd advises
What are the uses of the dative case?
The dative case is usually best translated “ to_____” or “for_____ “ and, like the genitive, has a number of different uses.
Indirect Object - the person to whom something is given , said or done.
Puellae dõnum dat = He gives a gift to the girl .
Rules about adverbs? How do they work?
Adverbs give information about time, place, manner or degree, and answer questions such as when?, where?, how?, how much?, to what extent?
They modify - verbs, adverbs, adjectives and whole sentences. They are not declined and many end in -ter or -e
Rules about prepositions/how do they work?
Prepositions never appear alone, always with a noun or pronoun named the object of the preposition.
Prepositional phrases give information about (e.g.) where, with whom, or why the action of the verb.
Prepositions have cases which must match the case of its object. When you see a preposition in Latin it should lead you to expect a noun in either the accusative or ablative.
A preposition usually comes before its object.
What are the uses of ablative case?
by, with, from, in, or at
Means (instrument) by which something is done
preposition with ablative - Place where/place from which
How to express place using cases?
preposition with ablative - Place where/place from which
preposition with accusative - place to which (motion towards)
What are adverbial modifications, how do they work and what are examples?
Adjectival modifiers modify nouns . The adjective and the uses of the Genitive case that you have learned so far function as adjectival modifiers . Like adverbial modifiers , they are not part of the sentence core and , thus , are not required elements in a sentence . Adjectival modifiers provide extra information about a noun in the sentence .
Latin word order?
Rules about adjectives - what are they?
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case , number and gender . This does not mean that they belong to the same declension or that their endings always look the same.
When one adjective modifies two or more nouns of different genders , it often agrees with the nearest noun .
Because Latin uses agreement in case , number and gender to indicate what noun an adjective modifies , the adjective and noun do not have to appear next to each other , or in a particular order , as they usually do in English . Often an adjective will precede the word it modifies and help to resolve the form of that word if it is otherwise ambiguous .
