Etiology of Periodontal diseases

Question 1

Describe the color of healthy gingiva:

Answer 1

Coral pink in color

Question 2

What might we see associated with the gingiva of individuals with darker skin tones?

Answer 2

Pigmentation

Question 3

Healthy gingiva is free from:

Answer 3

Inflammation & edema

Question 4

Healthy gingiva can be described as:

Answer 4

Firm and resilient

Question 5

How should the interdental papilla appear in the gingiva of healthy individuals?

Answer 5

Peaked and pointed

Question 6

Describe the surface texture of healthy gingiva:

Answer 6

Stippled surface texture

Question 7

Should you see bleeding upon probing in an individual with healthy gingiva?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

Gingival health is consistent with:

Answer 8

Good oral hygeine

Question 9

How is gingival health achieved? (3)

Answer 9

1. plaque free tooth surfaces (i.e., brushing, flossing properly)
2. healthy diet
3. regular dental visits

Question 10

Lingering biofilm on a clean tooth results in:

Answer 10

Inflammatory process

Question 11

______ persists as long as biofilm is present around gingival tissues

Answer 11

local inflammation

Question 12

Inflammation only resolves:

Answer 12

after removal of biofilm

Question 13

Inflammation of the gingival tissues:

Answer 13

gingivitis

Question 14

Prevalence of gingivitis in the adult population:

Answer 14

affects 82%

Question 15

Is gingivitis reversible?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What is the primary etiologic factor of gingivitis?

Answer 16

Plaque

Question 17

Gingivitis is characterized by: (4)

Answer 17

1. inflammation of gingival margins and interdental papilla
2. redness
3. bleeding on probing
4. NO attachment loss

Question 18

The most common form of gingival disease:

Answer 18

dental plaque-induced gingival diseases

Question 19

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases may occur without _____ or on a ______

Answer 19

attachment loss; reduced periodontium

Question 20

In dental plaque-induced gingival diseases, the inflammatory lesion is:

Answer 20

Within the gingiva

Question 21

Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases, are NOT associated with:

Answer 21

Progressive attachment loss

Question 22

Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only is the result of:

Answer 22

Microbial challenge between bacteria in plaque biofilm and host response

Question 23

Cessation of oral hygiene leads to gingivitis within:

Answer 23

2-3 weeks in healthy adults

Question 24

Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only is histologically characterized by: (4)

Answer 24

1. dense infiltrate of lymphocytes
2. mononuclear cells fibroblast alterations
3. increased vascular permeability
4. continuing loss of collagen (in response to the microbial challenge)

Question 25

Plaque is the _____ factor for gingivitis

Answer 25

Primary etiologic

Question 26

With gingivitis associated with dental plaque only, severity/duration of inflammatory response can be altered by:

Answer 26

Modifying local or systemic factors

Question 27

Gingivitis associated with dental plaque is ______ in healthy persons

Answer 27

Fully reversible

Question 28

Gingivitis associated with dental plaque in healthy adults can be fully reversed once:

Answer 28

1. Local factors are reduced 2. microbial factors around teeth is reduced

Question 29

Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only occurs rapidly in cases of generalized or localized:

Answer 29

Inefficient plaque removal

Question 30

What is necessary to maintain gingival health?

Answer 30

Meticulous oral hygiene

Question 31

Gingival diseases are modified by: (3)

Answer 31

1. Systemic factors 2. Medications 3. Malnutrition

Question 32

Gingival disease are modified by systemic factors including:

Answer 32

1. endocrine changes 2. systemic conditions on hosts cellular and immunologic functions

Question 33

Give examples of endocrine changes that can modify gingival disease:

Answer 33

-puberty -menstrual cycle -pregnancy -diabetes

Question 34

Pregnancy gingivitis is primary caused by:

Answer 34

Hormonal imbalances associated with pregnancy

Question 35

Pregnancy gingivitis occurs in more than ____ % of pregnancies

Answer 35

30%

Question 36

Pregnancy gingivitis is characterized by:

Answer 36

mild to severe gingival inflammation, as well as pain

Question 37

In some cases of pregnancy gingivitis the patient may have significant ____ & ____

Answer 37

hyperplasia & bleeding

Question 38

In pregnancy gingivitis, we see an increase in _______/_____ bacteria- specifically:

Answer 38

aerobic/anaerobic bacteria; P. intermedia

Question 39

Discuss the resolution of pregnancy gingivitis:

Answer 39

Resolves itself after delivery

Question 40

Gingival disease may be modified by medications, for example ______ drugs may cause ______

Answer 40

Anticonvulsant drugs; gingival overgrowth

Question 41

Give examples of drugs that may modify the gingiva:

Answer 41

1. Phenytoin 2. Immunosuppressive drugs (Cyclosporine) 3. Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Sodium valproate)

Question 42

Give examples of the following types of medications that may affect the gingiva: 1. Immunosuppressive drugs= 2. Calcium channel blockers=

Answer 42

1. cyclosporine 2. Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Sodium valproate

Question 43

Development of and severity of gingival disease caused by medications may be influenced by _____ as well as ______

Answer 43

uncontrolled plaque levels; elevated hormone levels

Question 44

Give an example of how malnutrition may modify the gingiva:

Answer 44

Vitamin C deficiency associated with bright red, swollen, bleeding gingiva

Question 45

Bright red, swollen, bleeding gingiva may be associated with _____ deficiency

Answer 45

Vitamin C

Question 46

Increased carbohydrate intake has implications on _____ and occurrence of _____

Answer 46

gingivitis; dental caries

Question 47

_____ compose majority of plaque matrix, making the plaque biofilm more difficult to remove

Answer 47

Polysaccharides

Question 48

What is the significance of polysaccharides being the main component of the plaque matrix?

Answer 48

Increased carb intake can lead to more/harder to remove plaque leading to gingivitis and dental caries

Question 49

What is more common, non-plaque-induced gingivitis or plaque-induced gingivitis?

Answer 49

Plaque-induced gingivitis

Question 50

The category "non-plaque-induced gingivitis" encompasses:

Answer 50

1. Lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva 2. Gingival diseases of bacterial, viral, fungal, genetic, systemic, foreign body, or traumatic origins

Question 51

(non-plaque-induced gingivitis) List some examples of lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva:

Answer 51

-Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid associated with sighing gingival tissues -Painful ulcerations of the gingiva

Question 52

What category of gingival disease would encompass lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva?

Answer 52

Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases

Question 53

What category of gingival disease would encompass gingival disease of bacterial, viral, fungal, genetic, systemic, foreign body or traumatic origins?

Answer 53

Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases

Question 54

Gingivitis confined to the gingiva of a single tooth or group of teeth affecting <30% of remaining teeth:

Answer 54

Localized gingivitis

Question 55

Gingivitis involving more than 30% of remaining teeth:

Answer 55

generalized gingivitis

Question 56

Gingivitis involving the gingival margin:

Answer 56

marginal gingivitis

Question 57

Gingivitis involving the interdental papillae, often extending into adjacent portions of gingival margin:

Answer 57

papillary gingivitis

Question 58

The earliest sings of gingivitis often occur in the:

Answer 58

papillae

Question 59

Gingivitis affecting the gingival margin, attached gingiva and interdental papillae:

Answer 59

Diffuse gingivitis

Question 60

What type of gingivitis is seen in the following image?

Answer 60

Localized marginal gingivitis

Question 61

What type of gingivitis is seen in the following image?

Answer 61

Localized papillary gingivitis