Etiology of Periodontal diseases Flashcards
Describe the color of healthy gingiva:
Coral pink in color
What might we see associated with the gingiva of individuals with darker skin tones?
Pigmentation
Healthy gingiva is free from:
Inflammation & edema
Healthy gingiva can be described as:
Firm and resilient
How should the interdental papilla appear in the gingiva of healthy individuals?
Peaked and pointed
Describe the surface texture of healthy gingiva:
Stippled surface texture
Should you see bleeding upon probing in an individual with healthy gingiva?
No
Gingival health is consistent with:
Good oral hygeine
How is gingival health achieved? (3)
- plaque free tooth surfaces (i.e., brushing, flossing properly)
- healthy diet
- regular dental visits
Lingering biofilm on a clean tooth results in:
Inflammatory process
______ persists as long as biofilm is present around gingival tissues
local inflammation
Inflammation only resolves:
after removal of biofilm
Inflammation of the gingival tissues:
gingivitis
Prevalence of gingivitis in the adult population:
affects 82%
Is gingivitis reversible?
Yes
What is the primary etiologic factor of gingivitis?
Plaque
Gingivitis is characterized by: (4)
- inflammation of gingival margins and interdental papilla
- redness
- bleeding on probing
- NO attachment loss
The most common form of gingival disease:
dental plaque-induced gingival diseases
Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases may occur without _____ or on a ______
attachment loss; reduced periodontium
In dental plaque-induced gingival diseases, the inflammatory lesion is:
Within the gingiva
Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases, are NOT associated with:
Progressive attachment loss
Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only is the result of:
Microbial challenge between bacteria in plaque biofilm and host response
Cessation of oral hygiene leads to gingivitis within:
2-3 weeks in healthy adults
Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only is histologically characterized by: (4)
- dense infiltrate of lymphocytes
- mononuclear cells fibroblast alterations
- increased vascular permeability
- continuing loss of collagen (in response to the microbial challenge)
Plaque is the _____ factor for gingivitis
Primary etiologic
With gingivitis associated with dental plaque only, severity/duration of inflammatory response can be altered by:
Modifying local or systemic factors
Gingivitis associated with dental plaque is ______ in healthy persons
Fully reversible
Gingivitis associated with dental plaque in healthy adults can be fully reversed once:
- Local factors are reduced
- microbial factors around teeth is reduced
Gingivitis associated with dental plaque only occurs rapidly in cases of generalized or localized:
Inefficient plaque removal
What is necessary to maintain gingival health?
Meticulous oral hygiene
Gingival diseases are modified by: (3)
- Systemic factors
- Medications
- Malnutrition
Gingival disease are modified by systemic factors including:
- endocrine changes
- systemic conditions on hosts cellular and immunologic functions
Give examples of endocrine changes that can modify gingival disease:
-puberty
-menstrual cycle
-pregnancy
-diabetes
Pregnancy gingivitis is primary caused by:
Hormonal imbalances associated with pregnancy
Pregnancy gingivitis occurs in more than ____ % of pregnancies
30%
Pregnancy gingivitis is characterized by:
mild to severe gingival inflammation, as well as pain
In some cases of pregnancy gingivitis the patient may have significant ____ & ____
hyperplasia & bleeding
In pregnancy gingivitis, we see an increase in _______/_____ bacteria- specifically:
aerobic/anaerobic bacteria; P. intermedia
Discuss the resolution of pregnancy gingivitis:
Resolves itself after delivery
Gingival disease may be modified by medications, for example ______ drugs may cause ______
Anticonvulsant drugs; gingival overgrowth
Give examples of drugs that may modify the gingiva:
- Phenytoin
- Immunosuppressive drugs (Cyclosporine)
- Calcium channel blockers (Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Sodium valproate)
Give examples of the following types of medications that may affect the gingiva:
- Immunosuppressive drugs=
- Calcium channel blockers=
- cyclosporine
- Nifedipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem, Sodium valproate
Development of and severity of gingival disease caused by medications may be influenced by _____ as well as ______
uncontrolled plaque levels; elevated hormone levels
Give an example of how malnutrition may modify the gingiva:
Vitamin C deficiency associated with bright red, swollen, bleeding gingiva
Bright red, swollen, bleeding gingiva may be associated with _____ deficiency
Vitamin C
Increased carbohydrate intake has implications on _____ and occurrence of _____
gingivitis; dental caries
_____ compose majority of plaque matrix, making the plaque biofilm more difficult to remove
Polysaccharides
What is the significance of polysaccharides being the main component of the plaque matrix?
Increased carb intake can lead to more/harder to remove plaque leading to gingivitis and dental caries
What is more common, non-plaque-induced gingivitis or plaque-induced gingivitis?
Plaque-induced gingivitis
The category “non-plaque-induced gingivitis” encompasses:
- Lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva
- Gingival diseases of bacterial, viral, fungal, genetic, systemic, foreign body, or traumatic origins
(non-plaque-induced gingivitis)
List some examples of lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva:
-Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid associated with sighing gingival tissues
-Painful ulcerations of the gingiva
What category of gingival disease would encompass lesions of autoimmune or idiopathic etiology manifesting on the gingiva?
Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases
What category of gingival disease would encompass gingival disease of bacterial, viral, fungal, genetic, systemic, foreign body or traumatic origins?
Non-plaque-induced gingival diseases
Gingivitis confined to the gingiva of a single tooth or group of teeth affecting <30% of remaining teeth:
Localized gingivitis
Gingivitis involving more than 30% of remaining teeth:
generalized gingivitis
Gingivitis involving the gingival margin:
marginal gingivitis
Gingivitis involving the interdental papillae, often extending into adjacent portions of gingival margin:
papillary gingivitis
The earliest sings of gingivitis often occur in the:
papillae
Gingivitis affecting the gingival margin, attached gingiva and interdental papillae:
Diffuse gingivitis
What type of gingivitis is seen in the following image?
Localized marginal gingivitis
What type of gingivitis is seen in the following image?
Localized papillary gingivitis
