Ethnic Patterns of Offending

Question 1

What do Official Statistics suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime

Answer 1

Black people and to lesser extent, Asian people, are over respresented in CJS
White people are underrepresented at every stage

Question 2

What do Victim Surverys suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime

Answer 2

Significant amount of crime is intra-ethnic
Black people are overrespresented as offenders by victims of muggins

Question 3

What do Self Report Studies suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime

Answer 3

Found Black people (43%) and white people (44%) had very similar rates of offending
Indians (30%) Pakistanis (28%) and Bangladeshis (13%) had much less rates

Question 4

What picture do official statistics show us on the relationship between ethnicity and offending and how

Answer 4

Invalid picture due to self-report studies challenge stats idea that balck people are more likely to offend than white peopl

Question 5

What were the statistics for ethnicity and crime in 2020 for policing stop and search

Answer 5

Black people 9x more likely than white people to be stopped and searched
Asian people 2x more likely
Rates are higher amongst Metropolitan police

Question 6

What is one explanation for Policing stop and search statistics found in The Macpherson Report

Answer 6

Institutionally racist and police typifications found in metropolitan police

Question 7

What did Phillips and Bowling say about police typifications

Answer 7

Many officers had racist typifications which can lead to deliberate targetting ‘canteen culture’ - racist attitudes spread among police during lunch

Question 8

What is a High Discretion stops

Answer 8

Came in under Terrorism Act 2000
Police can stop without reason for suspicion
Allows for discrimination

Question 9

How do demographic factors show that stats are correct

Answer 9

Ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed, young and manual workers which are the groups that are going to be stopped regardless

Question 10

What is one reason to show that official stats are correct about Policing stop and search

Answer 10

Lower Discretion stops - police can only stop and search based on intelligence
Simple reflect ethnic differences and no police discrimination

Question 11

What are the statistics around ethnicity and arrest and cautions

Answer 11

2018/19: Black people 3x more likely to be arrested than white people
Black and asian people less likely than white people to recieve a caution

Question 12

What is one explanation for stats in arrests and cautions to show that the stats are incorrect

Answer 12

Mistrust police: Ethnic minorities more likely to deny offence and exercise their right to legal aid
By doing this they cannot be let off with a caution and more likely to be charged

Question 13

What are the official stats for prosecution and trials with ethnicity

Answer 13

CPS decide whether a case is prosecuted in court
CPS more likely to drop cases against minority ethnic groups
Minority ethnic groups are more likely to elect for trial before a jury as opposed to Magistrated court

Question 14

What do Bowles and Phillips say is an explanation for ethnicity and prosecution and trial rates

Answer 14

Cases dropped due to lack of evidence which is weaker and based on stereotyping of minority ethnic groups as criminals

Question 15

How is mistrust in magistrates an explanation for why official stats are wrong in prosecution and trials

Answer 15

Explains why groups may opt for crown court and therefore recieve harsher punishments

Question 16

What are the official stats for convictions and sentencing with ethnicity and crime

Answer 16

Black and Asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty - when they are found guilty they recieve harsher punishments
White people on average recieve lower custodial sentence lengths then all other ethnic groups combined

Question 17

What is one explanation for ethnicity and convictions and sentencing to show that stats are correct

Answer 17

Severity of offence and previous criminal records - people from ethnic minority groups more likely to commit serious offences or have previous convictions

Question 18

What does Hood say about ethnicity stats being wrong with convictions and sentencings

Answer 18

Found that even when taking the above into account Black men are 5% more likely to recieved custodial sentences

Question 19

What are pre-sentence report

Answer 19

Written by probation officers to assist magistrates in making decisions on the appropriate sentence

Question 20

What did Hudson and Bramhall say about statistic for ethnicity and pre-sentence report being wrong

Answer 20

PSRs are discriminatory
Reports for asian offenders suggested they were less remorseful than white offender - argue due to ‘demonising’ Muslims after event of 9/11

Question 21

What are the statistics for Prison and ethnicity

Answer 21

2021: Ethnic minorities are overrepresented in prison population
Black people 4x more likely to be in prison
Asian offenders more likely to be serving longer sentences

Question 22

What is one explanation for ethnicity and prison to show that stats are correct

Answer 22

Severity of offence and previous criminal records - people from ethnic minority groups more likely to commit serious offences or have previous convictions

Question 23

What does Hood say about ethnicity stats being wrong with prison

Answer 23

Found that even when taking the above into account Black men are 5% more likely to recieved custodial sentences