Ethnic Patterns of Offending Flashcards
What do Official Statistics suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime
Black people and to lesser extent, Asian people, are over respresented in CJS
White people are underrepresented at every stage
What do Victim Surverys suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime
Significant amount of crime is intra-ethnic
Black people are overrespresented as offenders by victims of muggins
What do Self Report Studies suggest about the relationship between ethnicity and crime
Found Black people (43%) and white people (44%) had very similar rates of offending
Indians (30%) Pakistanis (28%) and Bangladeshis (13%) had much less rates
What picture do official statistics show us on the relationship between ethnicity and offending and how
Invalid picture due to self-report studies challenge stats idea that balck people are more likely to offend than white peopl
What were the statistics for ethnicity and crime in 2020 for policing stop and search
Black people 9x more likely than white people to be stopped and searched
Asian people 2x more likely
Rates are higher amongst Metropolitan police
What is one explanation for Policing stop and search statistics found in The Macpherson Report
Institutionally racist and police typifications found in metropolitan police
What did Phillips and Bowling say about police typifications
Many officers had racist typifications which can lead to deliberate targetting ‘canteen culture’ - racist attitudes spread among police during lunch
What is a High Discretion stops
Came in under Terrorism Act 2000
Police can stop without reason for suspicion
Allows for discrimination
How do demographic factors show that stats are correct
Ethnic minorities are more likely to be unemployed, young and manual workers which are the groups that are going to be stopped regardless
What is one reason to show that official stats are correct about Policing stop and search
Lower Discretion stops - police can only stop and search based on intelligence
Simple reflect ethnic differences and no police discrimination
What are the statistics around ethnicity and arrest and cautions
2018/19: Black people 3x more likely to be arrested than white people
Black and asian people less likely than white people to recieve a caution
What is one explanation for stats in arrests and cautions to show that the stats are incorrect
Mistrust police: Ethnic minorities more likely to deny offence and exercise their right to legal aid
By doing this they cannot be let off with a caution and more likely to be charged
What are the official stats for prosecution and trials with ethnicity
CPS decide whether a case is prosecuted in court
CPS more likely to drop cases against minority ethnic groups
Minority ethnic groups are more likely to elect for trial before a jury as opposed to Magistrated court
What do Bowles and Phillips say is an explanation for ethnicity and prosecution and trial rates
Cases dropped due to lack of evidence which is weaker and based on stereotyping of minority ethnic groups as criminals
How is mistrust in magistrates an explanation for why official stats are wrong in prosecution and trials
Explains why groups may opt for crown court and therefore recieve harsher punishments
What are the official stats for convictions and sentencing with ethnicity and crime
Black and Asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty - when they are found guilty they recieve harsher punishments
White people on average recieve lower custodial sentence lengths then all other ethnic groups combined
What is one explanation for ethnicity and convictions and sentencing to show that stats are correct
Severity of offence and previous criminal records - people from ethnic minority groups more likely to commit serious offences or have previous convictions
What does Hood say about ethnicity stats being wrong with convictions and sentencings
Found that even when taking the above into account Black men are 5% more likely to recieved custodial sentences
What are pre-sentence report
Written by probation officers to assist magistrates in making decisions on the appropriate sentence
What did Hudson and Bramhall say about statistic for ethnicity and pre-sentence report being wrong
PSRs are discriminatory
Reports for asian offenders suggested they were less remorseful than white offender - argue due to ‘demonising’ Muslims after event of 9/11
What are the statistics for Prison and ethnicity
2021: Ethnic minorities are overrepresented in prison population
Black people 4x more likely to be in prison
Asian offenders more likely to be serving longer sentences
What is one explanation for ethnicity and prison to show that stats are correct
Severity of offence and previous criminal records - people from ethnic minority groups more likely to commit serious offences or have previous convictions
What does Hood say about ethnicity stats being wrong with prison
Found that even when taking the above into account Black men are 5% more likely to recieved custodial sentences
