Ethics by Dr Cinita Flashcards

1
Q

Bioethical principles CLINICAL FEATURES

A
  • Patient autonomy, beneficence, justice (give patients their due), nonmalifecence
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2
Q

Physician assisted suicide CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Illegal in Oz

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3
Q

Nonsexual violations CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Excessive self-disclosure, special fee arrangements, extending time beyond what was agreed, allow telephone calls between sessions, extra business relationships, socialize with patients, calling each other by first name, treating the pt as a friend

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4
Q

Sexual misconduct CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Mentioning pastients or doctors sexual practices or orientation if no relevant, ridiculling patient’s sexual preferences, commenting in sex hx if no clinical issue, requesting details of sex preferences, conversations about sexual problems or fantasies

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5
Q

Vaccines in Oz CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Not compulsory but you can contact court if it’s for kids best interest and parents don’t want them

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6
Q

Communication with indigenous people CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Ask family member to accompany them to visit, or aboriginal healthcare worker, do not touch pt, esp if opposite sex

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7
Q

Surrogacy CLINICAL FEATURES

A

You cant tx couple for which the pt will be the surrogate, compensation only for medical expenses, provide the best care regardless of pts keeping the child or not, refer to mental health counseling to the mum to prefer her

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8
Q

Preventive Medicine CLINICAL FEATURES

A

-1ry: Prevent. Immunisation, quit smoking, promote sun protection in 6-13yo, anti alcohol and smoking 14-19yo
-2ry: Detect early. Screening
-3ry: Reduce Disability. Tx

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9
Q

CV Risk assessment CLINICAL FEATURES

A

E/2 years from ≥45 (35 in aboriginals). Assess risk for next 5 years

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10
Q

CV Risk assessment TREATMENT

A
  • Low risk (<10%): LSM + lipids e/5y - Mod risk (10-15%): LSM for 6m and if not change tx + lipids e/12m - High risk (>15%): LSM+Tx + Lipids e/12m
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11
Q

AUDRISK CLINICAL FEATURES

A

E/3 years from ≥40 (18 in aboriginals). Assess risk for next 5 years

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12
Q

Hyperlipidaemia CLINICAL FEATURES

A

E/5 years from ≥45.

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13
Q

Hyperlipidaemia FIRST INVESTIGATION

A

Targets in pts w/ CAD
- Cholesterol <5.5
- LDL <4
- TG <2
- HDL >1

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14
Q

Hyperlipidaemia TREATMENT

A

Statins decrease cholesterol mainly
Fibrates decrease TG mainly
- HyperTG
1. Diet w/ poli-unsaturated fats
2. Fibrates & Omega 3 (fish oil)
Gastric banding:
- BMI>40 or BMI>35 with co- morbidities (DM, OSA, HTN)
Obesity:
1. LSM for 6m
2. Refer to dietician
3. Medication

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15
Q

Case Control Studies

A

Only retrospective. Case
(Disease) vs Control (Without Disease) and looking for prior exposure or RF.
- Best for outbreaks, rare diseases

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16
Q

Cohort Studies

A

Retrospective and prospective. To diff from case control, you have to ask what is the study comparing. If it’s people with dx vs non disease it’s case control, if it’s exposed vs non exposed then it’s cohort
- Best for incidence, identification of RFs, causality

17
Q

P value

A

<0.05 is statistically significant

18
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Sigma is the value +/- of the SD. 1SD 68%, 2SD 95%, 3SD 99%

19
Q

Confidence Interval

A

If the CI crosses 1: Non significant
If the CI doesn’t cross 1: Significant

20
Q

Power

A

If you increase sample size, you increase power

21
Q

Reliability

A

PR: Precision=Reliability. Reproducibility, falling in same spot

22
Q

Validity

A

Validity is accuracy. Falling close to the middle

23
Q

Sensitivity

A

PID: Positive in disease.

24
Q

Specificity

A

NIH: Negative in Health

25
Q

PPV

A

Proportion of positive test that are true positive

26
Q

NPV

A

Proportion of negative test that are true negative

27
Q

Laurence Moon Biedl CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Obesity, short stature, hexadactily, intellectual disability, hypogonadism

28
Q

Noonan Syndrome (Male’s Turner) CLINICAL FEATURES

A

AD, down slanting palpebral fissure, widespread eyes, low set ears, ptosis, short stature, Pulm stenosis, webbed neck, FTT, cardiac conduction and rhythm abn

29
Q

Marfan Syndrome CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Tall, long extremities, pectus carinatum or excavatum, hypermobile joints, subluxation of lenses, aortic root aneurysms, aortic dissection

30
Q

Fragile X syndrome CLINICAL FEATURES

A

X-extra large testes, jaw, ears. Pale blue irises, strabismus, hypotonia, flexible flat feet

31
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Weakness in pelvic muscles and progresses superiorly. Pt can’t walk so uses hands to stand up (Gowen’s sign), which causes hypertrophy of calf muscles (Replacement of fiber for fat). Dilated cardiomyopathy is MCC death so you do an echo.

32
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy FIRST INVESTIGATION

A

Increase CK and aldolase

33
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy BEST INVESTIGATION

A

Genetic testing showing deletion of dystrophin

34
Q

Klinefelter CLINICAL FEATURES

A

XXY so extra X makes them look like women: Gynaecomastia, female pubic hair, tall and long extremities with testicular atrophy

35
Q

Klinefelter FIRST INVESTIGATION

A

Dysgenesia of seminiferous tubules causes low inhibin B and high FSH
Abnormal leydig cells causes low testosterone, and high
LH and estrogen

36
Q

Klinefelter BEST INVESTIGATION

A

Comp: All effects of hyperestrogenism

37
Q

Huntington’s Dx CLINICAL FEATURES

A

AD, person needs to be 18yo to know their gene status.
Dementia, chorea, atethosis, agression.

38
Q

VATER Syndrome CLINICAL FEATURES

A

Vertebral anomalies, Anal atresia, Absent radius,
Tracheoesophageal fistula, Renal dysfunction