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V.ANAT 123 > Establishment of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Establishment of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Conducting portion (8)

A

Nostrils
Nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles.

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2
Q

Gas exchange (4)

A

Respiratory brochioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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3
Q

The first recognizable facial structures are the ____ and the paired maxillary and mandibular prominences.

A

frontonasal prominence

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4
Q

Frontonasal prominence Differentiates into 2:

A

paired nasal (olfactory) and lens placodes

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5
Q

Ectoderm thickening which appears bilaterally at the rostral end of the frontonasal prominence (nose)

A

NASAL PLACODE

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6
Q

____ and ____ subsequently develop at each side of the nasal placodes.
Subsequent growth of surrounding medial and lateral nasal processes forms a _____ (bilaterally).

A

Medial and lateral nasal prominences

nasal pit

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7
Q
  • Develops into the primary nasal cavity
  • Separated from the primary oral cavity by
    the oro-nasal membrane
A

NASAL PIT

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8
Q

Give rise to alar cartilage of the nose, nasal
bone and lacrimal bone.

A

LATERAL NASAL PROCESS

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9
Q
  • Fuses with the maxillary prominence
  • This lays the foundation for formation of the bones of the upper jaw (the maxilla and incisive bones) and the upper lip.
A

MEDIAL NASAL PROCESS

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10
Q
  • Leaves a medial groove, the philtrum
  • Carnivores and small ruminants
A

INCOMPLETE FUSION

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11
Q
  • Results in a continuous upper lip
  • Horses, cattle, and pigs
A

COMPLETE FUSION

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12
Q

The maxillary and medial nasal prominences are separated by the _____.
Later, cord develops a lumen and forms the ____.

A

nasolacrimal groove

nasolacrimal duct

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13
Q

Develops from the dorsal aspect of the
nasal cavity and grows ventrally

A

NASAL SEPTUM

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14
Q

Grow ventrally from the lateral walls of the
cavity

A

PALATINE PROCESSES

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15
Q

*SPECIES DIFFERENCES

Each nasal cavity communicates with the
pharynx by a separate opening.

A

HORSES

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16
Q

*SPECIES DIFFERENCES

Both nasal cavities share a common
opening to the nasopharynx

A

OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS

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17
Q
  • Rostral two-thirds
  • Intramembranous ossification
A

HARD PALATE

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18
Q

Develops caudally from the mesenchyme
covered with ectoderm

A

SOFT PALATE

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19
Q
  • Formed from the processes extending from the lateral aspect of the developing
    nasal cavity.
  • Endochondral ossification transforms this into scroll-like structures.
A

conchae

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20
Q
  • Develop lateral to the nasal septum in the floor of the rostral region of the nasal cavities.
  • Cranial ends open into the incisive ducts and the caudal ends of the tube-like organs.
A

Vomeronasal organ

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21
Q

Development commences when neural crest‐ derived mesenchymal cells migrate into the developing head and neck regions and form discrete aggregations.

A

PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

22
Q

Undergoes atrophy

A

FIFTH ARCH

23
Q

Fuses with the fourth arch, forming a fourth–sixth arch complex.

A

SIXTH ARCH

24
Q

*Larynx

In the cranial portion of the foregut just caudal to the developing pharynx, an internal ____ forms and deepens.

A

laryngo- tracheal groove

25
Q

*Larynx

Externally, the developing oesophagus becomes separated from the larynx and trachea by the _____

A

tracheo-oesophageal groove

26
Q

*Larynx

Internally, further development of the external groove results in the formation of the ____ defining the respiratory diverticulum.

A

tracheo-oesophageal septum

27
Q

*Larynx

The septum separates a ____ from the esophagus.

A

laryngotracheal tube

28
Q

*Larynx

The wall of the larynx originates from growth of ____ and ____

A

bilateral laryngeal swellings (future arytenoid, thyroid & cricoid cartilages)
and
rostral epiglottal swelling.

29
Q

*Larynx

As the laryngeal cartilages and muscles develop, the ____ are formed.

A

vocal folds

30
Q

*Larynx

In the horse and dog, and to a minor degree in pigs, the endodermal epithelium forms a lateral outpocketing resulting in the _____

A

laryngeal ventricles

31
Q

*Larynx

In the process, the well-defined ____ are formed rostral to the vocal folds in the horse and the dog.

A

vestibular folds

32
Q

____ grows caudally into splanchnic mesoderm located ventral to the pharynx

A

Laryngotracheal tube

33
Q

*Trachea & bronchi

The blind, caudal end of the tube develops ____ which grows to form the future _____.

A

bi-lobed bronchial buds

principal bronchi

34
Q

*Trachea & bronchi

Outgrowths of each principal bronchus form future _____.

A

lobar bronchi

35
Q

*Trachea & bronchi

Each of which gives rise to outgrowths that
become future _____.

A

segmental bronchi

36
Q

The smallest branches are

A

bronchioles

37
Q
  • Represent the termination of the exclusively conducting portion of the respiratory system
  • Subdivides into two or more respiratory
    bronchioles
A

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

38
Q
  • Transitional zones between the conducting and respiratory regions of the respiratory system
  • Present in humans and carnivores
  • Give off a number of alveolar ducts from
    which alveolar sacs and alveoli arise.
A

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

39
Q

The development of the bronchi and lungs can be divided into sequential periods (3)

A

Embryonic period

Fetal period (Pseudo-glandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar periods)

Postnatal period

40
Q

When the primordium of the bronchi and
lungs is formed

A

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

41
Q

When the ramified bronchi are formed and
the preliminary structures for gas exchange
are established

A

FETAL PERIOD

42
Q

When the definitive structures for gas
exchange, the alveoli, are developed and
the lungs assume their adult form.

A

POSTNATAL PERIOD

43
Q

Characterized by the extensive formation
of the bronchial tree which is a
compound tubuloalveolar pattern of
airways and terminal buds

A

PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE

44
Q

Characterized by the establishment of
intimate juxtaposition of capillaries and
lung parenchyma (composed of the
bronchioles and alveoli)

A

CANALICULAR STAGE

45
Q

Characterized by the formation of the
blind saccules as a result of the terminal
branching of the air conducting system.

A

SACCULAR STAGE

46
Q

Establishes the blood – air relationship. The
intimate position of the capillaries and the
alveoli facilitates the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)

A

ALVEOLAR STAGE

47
Q

The endodermal epithelium in the developing alveoli differentiates into:

A
  • Squamous type I alveolar cells
  • Cuboidal type II alveolar cells-
48
Q

cover most of the alveolar surface

A

Squamous type I alveolar cells-

49
Q

specialize in the production of surfactant

A

Cuboidal type II alveolar cells-

50
Q
  • Results from a partial persistence of the
    laryngotracheal groove.
  • Causes refluxing of feed through the upper respiratory tract, and inhalation pneumonia.
A

TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA

51
Q

Associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia with the herniated abdominal organs in the thoracic cavity interfering with pulmonary growth.

A

PULMONARY HYPOPLASIA

52
Q
  • Result from a lack of production of pulmonary surfactant
  • Gasping of the newborn is a sign of its presence.
A

BARKER FOAL SYNDROME: HYALIN DISEASE

V.ANAT 123 (20 decks)

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