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V.ANAT 123 > Development of Musculoskeletal Systems > Flashcards

Development of Musculoskeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q
  • Mesoderm accumulates on each side of notochord
  • Transverse fissures divide the paraxial mesoderm into blocks progressing from rostral to caudal
  • Each block is a somite
  • Rostral to the notochord, mesenchyme forms less developed somites called ____
A

somitomeres

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2
Q

is a gelatinous substance with star shaped
mesenchymal cells

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

connective tissue fiber forming cells and the mature cells are fibrocytes

A

Fibroblast-

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4
Q

cartilage forming cells

A

Chondroblast-

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5
Q

Bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts-

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6
Q

muscle forming cells

A

Myoblasts-

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7
Q
  • During the ____ in domestic animals, the outlines of somites first become visible
  • Differentiation of somites commences around ____
  • By the ____, when somite formation is complete, those formed at an earlier stage have undergone further differentiation
A

third week of gestation

fourth week of gestation

fifth week of gestation

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8
Q
  • Ventromedial part
  • Forms most of the axial skeleton (vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull)
A

Sclerotome

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9
Q
  • Dorsolateral part
  • Form dermis of the skin
A

Dermatome

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10
Q
  • Middle
  • Forms skeletal musculature
A

Myotome

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11
Q
  • Like somites, but smaller and less distinctly organized.
  • Develop rostral to the notochord in the head.
  • Migrate into pharyngeal arches and form muscles of the jaw, face, pharynx, and larynx.
A

Somitomeres

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12
Q

Two further regions of the this have been recently postulated:
* Syndetome, from which the tendons rise
* Somite cells that will form the vascular walls of the aorta and the intervertebral blood vessels

A

somites

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13
Q

type of muscle

Paraxial mesoderm that forms somites
and in the rostral region of the head,
somitomeres

A

Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

type of muscle

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Cardiac muscles and Smooth muscles

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15
Q

type of muscle

Splanchnic mesoderm

A

Smooth muscles

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16
Q

muscle formation

A

Myogenesis:

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17
Q
  • Fibers : striated, tubular and multi nucleated
  • Voluntary
  • Usually attached to skeleton
A

Skeletal muscle

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18
Q
  • Fibers : non-striated, spindle-shaped, and uninucleated.
  • Involuntary
  • Usually covering wall of internal organs.
A

Smooth muscle

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19
Q
  • Fibers: striated, branched and uninucleated.
  • Involuntary
  • Only covering walls of the heart.
A

Cardiac muscle

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20
Q

*Which Division of the trunk muscles

Dorsomedial margin
Dorsal trunk muscles

A

Epaxial myotome

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21
Q

*Which Division of the trunk muscles

Dorsolateral margin
Forms the limb muscles and ventral trunk muscles (diaphragm and abdominal muscles)

A

Hypaxial muscle

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22
Q

Three distinct lineages generate the skeleton:

A

Somites

Lateral plate mesoderm

Cranial neural crest

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23
Q

*Three distinct lineages generate the skeleton:

Axial (vertebral) skeleton

A

Somites

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24
Q

*Three distinct lineages generate the skeleton:

Limb skeleton

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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25
Q

*Three distinct lineages generate the skeleton:

Branchial arches
Craniofacial bones and cartilage

A

Cranial neural crest

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26
Q

Cartilage formation

A

Chondrogenesis:

27
Q

Osteogenesis
Two major methods of bone formation:

A

Intramembranous
Endochondral

28
Q
  • Bone is preformed in a cartilaginous model, after which the cartilage is destroyed by chondroblasts
    (cartilage destroying cells)
A

Endochondral ossification

29
Q
  • Bone is formed in an environment of mesenchymal cells which differentiate into osteoblasts to osteocytes when entrapped by their own secretions
  • Clavicle and bones of the skull (flat bones) are examples of bones formed
A

Intramembranous ossification

30
Q

Limb development Begins towards the end of the ____ of gestation in cats, sheep and pigs, and during the ____ in dogs and cattle.

A

third week

fourth week

31
Q

Development of the fore and hind limbs is similar except that morphogenesis of the hind limbs is approximately ____ behind that of the forelimbs.

A

1 to 2 days

32
Q

Limb buds
* From body wall somatopleure
* Bone, cartilage, and connective tissue of the limb arise from the _____ of the limb bud
* Dermis and skeletal muscle come from the ____ and _____ migrations into the limb

A

somatic mesoderm

dermatome

myotome

33
Q

*Limb Development

A limb begins as ____.

A

limb field

34
Q

*Limb Development

A _____ is produced by localized proliferation and condensation of mesenchyme, covered by ectoderm.

A

limb bud

35
Q

*Limb Development

The distal end of the limb bud (____) is flattened like a paddle and ectoderm along its outer margin thickens to form the so-called _____ (AER).

A

footplate

apical ectodermal ridge

36
Q

*Limb Development

Regions of the limb develop in ____ as the
limb bud elongates (the shoulder/hip appears first, the manus/pes is the last to be added)

A

Proximodistal order

37
Q

*Limb Development

Separation of digits are produced by ____ (species with fewer digits undergo further degeneration and/or fusion of digits)

A

interdigital necrotic zones

38
Q

Impaired cell division within growth plates and interfere with endochondral ossification resulting in dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

39
Q

Characterized by extreme fragility of bones

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

40
Q

Characterized by abnormally dense bones

A

Osteopetrosis

41
Q

Failure of the left and right vertebral arches to fuse during development of vertebrae

A

SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA

42
Q

Results from the fusion of two or more adjacent vertebrae

A

BLOCK VERTEBRA

43
Q

Only one half of a vertebra develops
Usually confined to the thoracolumbar region

A

HEMIVERTEBRA

44
Q

A sagittal cleft of the vertebral body is produced that extends through the body dorsoventrally

A

BUTTERFLY VERTEBRA

45
Q

Lateral deviation of the vertebral column

A

Scoliosis

46
Q

Abnormal ventral curvature of the vertebral column

A

Lordosis

47
Q

Abnormal dorsal curvature of the vertebral column

A

Kyphosis

48
Q

Abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebrae

A

TORTICOLLIS/ WRY NECK

49
Q

Presence of one or more extra digit

A

POLYDACTYLY

50
Q

Partial or complete duplication of one limb

A

BIMELIA

51
Q

Limbs growing from the back

A

NOTOMELIA

52
Q

Ectopic limb projecting from the perineum

A

PERINEOMELIA

53
Q

Complete absence of limbs

A

AMELIA

54
Q

Partial or complete absence of a limb or its parts

A

ECTROMELIA

55
Q

A limb reduced in size but all its parts are present
Eg. dwarf

A

MICROMELIA

56
Q

Absence of all or part of the distal half of the limb

A

HEMIMELIA

57
Q

Absence of the proximal portion of a limb or limbs, the distal part being attached to the trunk by a small, irregularly shaped bone

A

PHOCOMELIA

58
Q

Fusion of the claws or digits

A

SYNDACTYLY/ SYNDACTYLYISM

59
Q

Shortened digits

A

BRACHYDACTYLY

60
Q

Absence of all or any part of a digit

A

ECTRODACTYLY/ ECTRODACTYLIA

61
Q

Affected animals exhibit joints in abnormal positions Most frequently reported in cattle, particularly the Charolais

A

ARTHROGRYPOSIS

62
Q
  • Abnormal maturation of the hip joint
  • Most commonly reported in large muscular breeds of dog like the German Shepherd, Golden Retriever, or Mastiffs
A

Hip dysplasia

63
Q
  • Double muscle phenotype
  • Primary results from an increase in the number of muscle fibers
  • Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle have
    mutations of the myostatin gene
A

Muscular hypertrophy

V.ANAT 123 (25 decks)

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