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V.ANAT 123 > Concepts and Mechanism of Development > Flashcards

Concepts and Mechanism of Development Flashcards

1
Q

4 developmental processes

A

Growth
Cytodifferentiation
Morphogenesis
Patterning

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2
Q

4 developmental processes are all ___ and usually ___

A

interrelated
interdependent

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3
Q

increase in the size of a part or the entirety of the organism by increasing cellular size (hypertrophy) and/or number of cells (hyperplasia)

A

Growth

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4
Q

growth is not proportionate in all body parts

A

Allometric growth

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5
Q

growth rate of all body parts of the body occurs at the same rate as the overall growth of the body

A

Isometric growth

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6
Q

mechanism by which tissues and organs are shaped

A

Morphogenesis

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7
Q

process whereby embryonic cells organize into tissues and organs

consequence of regional gene expression

A

Patterning

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8
Q

formation of the cranio-caudal axis comes with ___, whereas the proximo-distal axis is ___ until limb formation

A

gastrulation

delayed

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9
Q

process whereby specialized cell types from less specialized

A

Cytodifferentiation

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10
Q

an event preceding cell differentiation

A

cell commitment

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11
Q

*cell commitment

divided into labile, reversible phase referred to as

A

cell specification

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12
Q

*cell commitment

followed by an irreversible one called

A

cell determination

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13
Q

process when embryonic stem cells commit to one specialized function

A

cell determination

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14
Q

process in which cells develop their specialzed shapes and function

A

cell differentiation

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15
Q

a cell is fixed and it will irrevocably differentiate

A

cell determination

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16
Q

ability of the cells to produce all the differentiated cells in the body

A

totipotency

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17
Q

developmental potential

A

potency

18
Q

having equal effects or capacities

A

equipotent

19
Q

cells individually give rise to all cells of the embryo proper

A

cellular totipotency

20
Q

ICM and epiblast, retain the ability to form all tissues of the embryo proper but lose competence to form extra embryonic tissues

A

pluripotency

21
Q

cells within each of these somatic germ layers

A

multipotent

22
Q

tissues specific progenitor or precursor cells

A

unipotent

23
Q

fully matured and no longer divide

A

terminally differentiated

24
Q

process by which tissue interact with other tissues in the body

failure to interact may result to non development of a certain tissue or organ

A

tissue interaction

25
Q

occur by ___ - interaction at close range between two or more cells

A

induction (proximate interaction)

26
Q

the group that controls the differentiation of the other group

-optic vesicle induce the lens formation from the surface ectoderm

A

inducing cells

27
Q

the dependent group

when the optic vesicle was removed, no lens was formed

A

induced cells

28
Q

ability to respond to a specific inductive signal

A

competence

29
Q

genetically programmed death of cells in the interdigital zone/necrotic zone for the normal development of the digits

A

apoptosis

30
Q

principal intracellular mediators of apoptosis

A

caspases

31
Q

those carried in the genes which are either caused by a single or multiple genes

A

intrinsic/hereditary factors

32
Q

*Congenital malformations

caused by an extra 21st chromosome (trisomy 21) - may result to heart defects

A

down syndrome

33
Q

those caused by teratogens

A

extrinsic/non hereditary factors

34
Q

those agents that caused induced birth defects

A

teratogens

35
Q

targets the ectoderm, hence defects arise from this germ layer

A

virus-rubella (german measles)

36
Q

medicines for virus-rubella (german measles)

A

-thalidomide (Thalomid), angiotensin-
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, statins, the acne

medication isotretinoin and lithium.

37
Q

The teratogens that enter the the mother via the ____ or ____, the actual teratogenic effect can either be modified to lessen the effect or to be more embryopathic as a product of maternal metabolism

A

digestive tract or placenta

38
Q

the most critical period of most structures is during ___ and ___ - at this stage the issues are the most sensitive to disruption by exogenous factors

A

blastula and gastrula

39
Q

 ____ and ____ are sensitive to teratogenic insult throughout prenatal and even postnatal in most species
 This is due to late development of the neurons in the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

CNS and heart

40
Q

 At neurula stage few organs will be affected
 Oftentimes, an induced lesion in one system will result in the ____ in other organs

A

secondary malformations

41
Q

____, ____ and ____ (behavioral teratogens) cause irreversible defects in cognitive and motor dev’t.

A

tranquilizers, sedatives and anticonvulsants

V.ANAT 123 (20 decks)

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