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V.ANAT 123 > Development of Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation -

A

primitive streak stage

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2
Q

Cranial part of the ___ presage the establishment of the brain and spinal cord

A

neural tube

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3
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to the ___ and ___

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
  • Progenitor cells of the nervous system
  • is divided into (from lumen outward) ependymal, mantle, and marginal layer
A

Wall of Neural Tube

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5
Q

Wall is divided into (from lumen outward)
?

A

ependymal, mantle, and marginal layer

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6
Q
  • Closest to the lumen of the neural tube
  • Remaining cells differentiate to become ependymal of the central canal and ventricular system of the brain
A

Ventricular/ Ependymal Neuroepithelial Layer

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7
Q
  • Middle layer, immediately surrounds the ventricular zone
  • Contains cell bodies of post-mitotic neuroblasts and presumptive glial cells
  • Becomes the grey matter which is H or butterfly shaped
A

Intermediate/ Mantle Layer

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8
Q
  • Peripheral layer
  • Contains neuronal processes but not neural cell bodies
  • Forms the white matter, it is white because it contains myelinated neuronal process (myelin is white)
A

Marginal Layer

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9
Q
  • ___ becomes the dorsal sensory horn of the spinal cord
A

Alar plate

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10
Q
  • ___ becomes the ventral motor
    horn
A

Basal plate

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11
Q
  • ____ becomes the dorsal median septum
A

Roof plate

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12
Q
  • ___ becomes the ventral fissure
A

Floor plate

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13
Q

longitudinal groove separating the alar and basal plates of the developing spinal cord

A

Sulcus limitans-

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14
Q

becomes a circular central canal

A

Longitudinal groove

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15
Q

Ventral thickenings that form the ventral horn of the spinal cord containing motor neurons (general somatic effect efferent) and autonomic neurons (visceral efferent) The two are connected by the floor plate ventral to the central canal.

A

BASAL PLATES

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16
Q

Dorsal thickenings Form dorsal horn containing the sensory neurons receiving input from the skin, joints and muscles (general somatic afferent), from the pharynx (special visceral afferent) and from
the viscera and heart (general visceral afferent) The left and right are connected dorsally over the central canal by the roof plate.

A

ALAR PLATES

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17
Q
  • Arise from mitosis of the neuroepithelial cells
  • Progenitor of nerve cells or neurons
  • Once formed, they lose their ability to divide
  • Neurogenic cells in the ventral part of the spinal cord and the hindbrain are usually the first to stop dividing
  • Cortical neurons in the cerebrum and the cerebellum are the last population to be formed
A

NEUROBLASTS

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18
Q
  • Give rise to astrocytes, which are present both in the mantle and marginal layers and oligodendrocytes which mainly populates the marginal layer.
A

SPONGIOBLASTS/
GLIOBLASTS

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19
Q

The cranial part of the neural tube form neuromeres/ vesicles that forms the ____ and the portion of the neural tube with fading neuromeres becomes the _____.

A

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

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20
Q

At 1st, there are ____ primary brain vesicles, then ____ vesicles from which adult parts of the brain arise

A

three

five

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21
Q
  • Divides into telencephalon and diencephalon
  • Optic vesicle grow out as evaginations from each side of the prosencephalon
A

PROSENCEPHALON

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22
Q
  • Forms the cerebral hemispheres and olfactory bulbs
A

TELENCEPHALON

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23
Q

Cavities in the telencephalon form the ____

A

lateral ventricles

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24
Q

consists of genicular gyrus, supracallosal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus as well as the hippocampal gyrus and dentate gyrus

A

Archicortex-

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25
Q

comprises the olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory tubercle and piriform lobe

A

Paleocortex-

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26
Q

makes up most of the cerebral cortex

A

Neocortex-

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27
Q

Cerebrum evolutionarily subdivided into:

A

Allocortex

Neocortex-

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28
Q

Surface of the cerebral hemispheres
become folded and develop the sulci
(grooves) and gyri (elevations)

A

CEREBRUM

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29
Q

those that synapse with neurons of the
same hemisphere

A

Association neurons-

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30
Q

those with axons that connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres

A

Commissural neurons-

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31
Q

those with axons that connect the cortex with deeper region of the CNS

A

Projection neurons-

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32
Q
  • Gives rise to the epithalamus including the epiphysis, thalamus, metathalamus and hypothalamus as well as the neurohypophysis and the optic cups
A

DIENCEPHALON

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33
Q

Cavity within the diencephalon is the ____

A

third ventricle

34
Q
  • Master regulatory center, master’s gland
  • Controls many basic homeostatic functions such as sleep, body temperature, hunger, fluid and electrolyte balance, emotional behavior and activity of the pituitary gland
A

HYPOTHALAMUS

35
Q
  • Acts as an important centre for relaying sensory impulses (auditory, visual, and tactile)
A

THALAMUS

36
Q
  • Pineal gland formed by the migration of neuroepithelial cells dorso-caudally from the roof of the diencephalon
  • Cells differentiate into two types
    of cells, pinealocytes and glial cells
  • Involves in the circadian rhythm
A

EPIPHYSIS

37
Q

Develop into two primordia:
*Adenohypophysis
* Neurohypophysis

A

HYPOPHYSIS

38
Q

Rathke’s pouch-ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum

A

Adenohypophysis

39
Q

Infundibulum-ventraldowngrowth of the diencephalon

A

Neurohypophysis

40
Q

Remains structurally relatively simple, do not subdivide

A

MESENCEPHALON

41
Q

The neural cavity of the midbrain becomes
mesencephalic aqueduct: (2)

A
  • Tectum- dorsal
  • Tegmentum- ventral
42
Q

refers to the Four aggregations of the nuclei

A

CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA

43
Q

integral part of the visual system

A

Rostral colliculi-

44
Q

auditory functions

A

Caudal colliculi-

45
Q

Divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon.

A

RHOMBENCEPHALON

46
Q

Give rise to the pons and corpus trapezoideum ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally

A

METENCEPHALON

47
Q

Transverse structure demarcating the anterior end of the medulla oblongata
Serves as pathway for the nerve fibers
Between the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

A

PONS

48
Q

Coordination centre for the posture and movement

A

CEREBELLUM

49
Q

are the primordia of the cerebellum.

A

Rhombic lips

50
Q

Cortex shows three clearly separated layers:

A

outer molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
inner granular layer

51
Q
  • Resembles the spinal cord structurally and functionally
  • Forms the medulla oblongata
A

MYELENCEPHALON

52
Q

Conduit for tracts between the spinal cord and higher regions of the brain
Contains important centres for the regulation of respiration and heart beat

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

53
Q

Ventral cranial flexure which occurs the midbrain

A

CEPHALIC FLEXURE

54
Q

A gradual ventral bend between the hindbrain and spinal cord

A

CERVICAL FLEXURE

55
Q

A slight dorsal bending in the rhombencephalon

A

PONTINE FLEXURE

56
Q

Brain Flexures

A

CEPHALIC FLEXURE

CERVICAL FLEXURE

PONTINE FLEXURE

57
Q

Protective covering of the CNS

A

Meninges

58
Q

derived from the axial mesoderm, forms
the dura mater

A

Outer ectomeninx-

59
Q

derivative of neural crest cells, subdivides
into thin pia mater and middle arachnoidea

A

Inner endomeninx-

60
Q

Cranial Nerves
Classified into three categories according to
their embryonic origin and their future

A
  • Nerves with special sensory function
  • Mixed nerves that innervate the pharyngeal arch derivatives
  • Nerves with exclusively general somatic efferent fibers
61
Q

Regulates many of the involuntary functions of the body

A

Autonomic NS

62
Q
  • Originates from the cranial and sacral regions
  • The first and second neurons
    utilize acetylcholine as the transmitter
A

Parasympathetic NS

63
Q
  • Originates from the thoracolumbar region
  • Pre-ganglionic telodendria release acetylcholine whereas most sympathetic second neurons release norephinephrine.
A

Sympathetic NS

64
Q
  • Influence gastrointestinal motility and secretion
  • Subdivided into two interconnected components:
  • Auerbach plexus
  • Meissner plexus
A

Enteric NS

65
Q

Ganglia located circumfentially between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers of the gut wall
Controls gastro-intestinal tract movement

A

AUERBACH/ MYENTERIC PLEXUS

66
Q

Ganglia located in the submucosa of the gut
Controls the GI secretion and local blood flow

A

MEISSNER/ SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS

67
Q

General term for the malformation of the spinal cord

A

MYELODYSPLASIA

68
Q

absence of the development of one or more segments of the spinal cord

A

APLASIA-

69
Q

reduced development of segments of the spinal cord

A

HYPOPLASIA-

70
Q

dilatation of the central canal due to an excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid

A

HYDROMYELIA-

71
Q

abnormal cavitation of several segments of
the spinal cord, inherited in Weimaraner dogs and in tailless Manx cats

A

SYRINGOMYELIA-

72
Q

abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal
fluid within the ventricular system of the brain

A

HYDROCEPHALUS-

73
Q

cerebral hemispheres are replaced by two
fluid sacs
- Most commonly caused by in utero viral infection (blue tongue virus in ruminants and panleukopenia in cats) or by an interruption of the blood supply to the telencephalon

A

HYDRAENCEPHALY-

74
Q

abnormally small brain; caused may be genetic or a prenatal insult such as an infection or exposure to a teratogen

A

MICROCEPHALY-

75
Q

characterized by caudal displacement of and herniation of cerebellar structures through the foramen magnum into the cranial cervical vertebral canal

A

ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION-

76
Q

characterized by impaired or incomplete
midline division of the prosencephalon

A

HOLOPROSENCEPHALY-

77
Q

extreme form of holoprosencephaly characterized by the failure of the prosencephalon to properly divide the orbits of the eye into two cavities

A

-CYCLOPIA-

78
Q

a milder form of holoprosencephaly characterized by a monkey-like head with defective small flattened nose with a single
nostril or absent nostril

A

CEBOCEPHALY-

79
Q

situation where an insufficiency of neurons
causes hypoplasia of the granular layer of the cerebellum; most commonly caused by prenatal or perinatal viral infections (feline
panleukopenia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus)

A

CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA-

80
Q

characterized by the degeneration of the
pukinje cells in the already formed cerebellar cortex

A

CEREBELLAR ABIOTROPHY-

V.ANAT 123 (25 decks)

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