Essential nutrients and vitamins Flashcards by Sydney Van Otterloo

What are vitamins

they are a compound that cannot be made by the body in sufficient amounts
necessary for the body to function

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What is a mineral

an element that can not be made by the body in sufficient amounts
necessary for the body to function

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What is the dietary supplement verification program

ensures dietary supplements meet specific requirements to recieve USP mark
-proper ingredients and amounts
-effective drug delivery
-absence of harmful contaminants
-safe, sanitary, and well-controlled manufacturing

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What is the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)

gold standard set of reference values established under the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine
seven reference values that examine the nutrient intakes of healthy people

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What is the percentage of daily value (%DV)

set by the FDA to use on food and dietary supplement labeling and based on DRI

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What are fat soluble vitamins

vitamins soluble in lipids and absorption is facilitated by bile
stored in body tissues

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When would deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins occur

when conditions are present that compromise fat absorption such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, etc…

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What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins

Vit A, D, K, E

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What is the function of Vit A

vision, bones, immune system, cell division

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What are the signs and symptoms of a vit A deficiency

blindness
decreased immune function
skin effects
impaired appetite

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What are the signs and symptoms of Vit A toxicity

headache
double vision
nausea and vomiting
vertigo
fatigue and drowsiness
bone fractures

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What is the function of Vit D

calcium balance
bone structure

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What are the signs and symptoms of Vit D deficiency

rickets
osteopenia
fractures
falls

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What are the signs and symptoms of toxicity

anorexia
hypercalcemia
soft tissue calcification
kidney stones
renal failure
increased cancer risk

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What is the function of vitamin E

antioxidant
protects cell membranes

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What are the signs and symptoms of deficiency

peripheral neuropathy
muscle weakness
hemolytic anemia

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What are the signs and symptoms of toxicity

increased risk of congestive heart failure
hemorrhagic stroke
fetal loss when given for preeclampsia

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What is the function of Vit K

synthesis of clotting factors

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what are the signs and symptoms of Vit K deficiency

impaired cognition

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What are water soluble vitamins and what are all of them

vitamins not stored in the body
B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B9
B12
Vit C

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What is the function of Vit B1

cofactor for metabolism
myocardial function
nerve cell function
carbohydrate metabolism

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What are the signs of vit B1 deficiency

beriberi
encephalopathy
peripheral neuropathy
cardiac dysfunction

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What is the function of vit B2

cellular growth
maintenance of vision
integrity of cell membranes
redox rxn of P450

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What are the signs of vit B2 deficiency

light sensitivity
eye fatigue
sore mouth
seborrheic dermatitis

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What is the function of vit B3

cofactor for NADP rxm

What are the signs of vit B3 deficiency

dermatitis diarrhea dementia neuropathy red/beefy tongue

What are the signs of vit B3 toxicity

GI symptoms hepatotoxicity skin lesions tachycardia hypertension

What is the function of vit B5

precursor for coenzyme A

What are the signs of vit B5 deficiency

somnolence fatigue leg muscle weakness hand and feet paresthesia

What are the signs of vit B5 toxicity

diarrhea water retention

What is the function of vit B6

formation of proteins, amino acids and neurotransmitters

What are the signs of vit B6 deficiency

infants: irritability and convulsions adults: dermatitis, oral lesions, peripheral neuropathy

What are the signs of vit B6 toxicity

severe sensory neuropathy prolactin inhibitions

What is the function of vit B9

cell division DNA production brain/spinal cord development

What are the signs of a vit B9 deficiency

impaired cell division and protein synthesis sore mouth diarrhea cns symptoms megaloblastic anemia

What is the function of vit B12

RBC and DNA synthesis neurologic function

What are the signs of a vit B12 deficiency

macrocytic anemia GI tract epithelial changes neurologic symptoms

What is the function of Vit C

antioxidant and cofactor for collagen and prostaglandin metabolism reduces ferric iron to ferrous iron

What are the signs of a Vit C deficiency

scurvy fatigue impaired wound healing capillary hemorrhaging/weakening collagen structures

What are the signs of toxicity

nausea stomach cramps diarrhea nephrolithiasis

Where are minerals present in the body

present through out the body in every tissue *incorporated in enzymes or hormones or vitamins *function as free ions

What are minerals used for in the body

mainly used for regulation

What is the function of iron

oxygen and electron transport

What are the signs of an iron deficiency

pallor fatigue split nails SOB with exertion hypochromic microcytosis

What are the signs of iron toxicity

abdominal pain vomiting diarrhea electrolyte imbalance shock cardiovascular collapse

What is the function of magnesium

bone formation enzyme function maintenance of nerve and muscle electrophysiology potassium transport

What are the signs of a magnesium deficiency

neuromuscular irritability increased CNS stimulation delirium convulsions

What are the signs of Magnesium toxicity

diarrhea muscle weakness lethargy sedation diminished deep tendon reflexes hypotension dysrhythmia

What is the function of phosphorous

bone structure phospholipids DNA/RNA ATP buffer system

what are the signs of phosphorous deficiency

weakness anorexia malaise pain bone loss

what are the signs of phosphorous toxicity

diarrhea stomach pain

What is the function of calcium

activates enzymes for acetylcholine synthesis cell membrane integrity and function muscle function activates clotting factors major component of bones and teeth

What are the signs of calcium deficiency

convulsions bone and teeth deformities behavior and mood disorders

What are the signs of calcium toxicity

renal stones anorexia N/V constipation polyuria deposition of calcium in soft tissues

What is the calcium requirements for men

Age < 70 1000mg daily Age > 70 1200mg daily

What is the calcium requirement for women

Age < 50 1000mg daily Age > 50 1200mg daily

What populations are at risk for deficiencies

infants and children pregnancy older adults malabsorptive states alcoholism/drug abuse cystic fibrosis certain medications

What supplements should be considered for infants and children

vit A multivitamin

What supplements should be considered for pregnant people

folic acid vit D calcium iron

What supplements should be considered for older adults

vit B12 vit D calcium

What supplements should be considered for those with alcoholism and drug abuse

water soluble vitamins