Essential nutrients and vitamins Flashcards
What are vitamins
they are a compound that cannot be made by the body in sufficient amounts
necessary for the body to function
What is a mineral
an element that can not be made by the body in sufficient amounts
necessary for the body to function
What is the dietary supplement verification program
ensures dietary supplements meet specific requirements to recieve USP mark
-proper ingredients and amounts
-effective drug delivery
-absence of harmful contaminants
-safe, sanitary, and well-controlled manufacturing
What is the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
gold standard set of reference values established under the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine
seven reference values that examine the nutrient intakes of healthy people
What is the percentage of daily value (%DV)
set by the FDA to use on food and dietary supplement labeling and based on DRI
What are fat soluble vitamins
vitamins soluble in lipids and absorption is facilitated by bile
stored in body tissues
When would deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins occur
when conditions are present that compromise fat absorption such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, etc…
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins
Vit A, D, K, E
What is the function of Vit A
vision, bones, immune system, cell division
What are the signs and symptoms of a vit A deficiency
blindness
decreased immune function
skin effects
impaired appetite
What are the signs and symptoms of Vit A toxicity
headache
double vision
nausea and vomiting
vertigo
fatigue and drowsiness
bone fractures
What is the function of Vit D
calcium balance
bone structure
What are the signs and symptoms of Vit D deficiency
rickets
osteopenia
fractures
falls
What are the signs and symptoms of toxicity
anorexia
hypercalcemia
soft tissue calcification
kidney stones
renal failure
increased cancer risk
What is the function of vitamin E
antioxidant
protects cell membranes
What are the signs and symptoms of deficiency
peripheral neuropathy
muscle weakness
hemolytic anemia
What are the signs and symptoms of toxicity
increased risk of congestive heart failure
hemorrhagic stroke
fetal loss when given for preeclampsia
What is the function of Vit K
synthesis of clotting factors
what are the signs and symptoms of Vit K deficiency
impaired cognition
What are water soluble vitamins and what are all of them
vitamins not stored in the body
B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B9
B12
Vit C
What is the function of Vit B1
cofactor for metabolism
myocardial function
nerve cell function
carbohydrate metabolism
What are the signs of vit B1 deficiency
beriberi
encephalopathy
peripheral neuropathy
cardiac dysfunction
What is the function of vit B2
cellular growth
maintenance of vision
integrity of cell membranes
redox rxn of P450
What are the signs of vit B2 deficiency
light sensitivity
eye fatigue
sore mouth
seborrheic dermatitis
What is the function of vit B3
cofactor for NADP rxm
What are the signs of vit B3 deficiency
dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
neuropathy
red/beefy tongue
What are the signs of vit B3 toxicity
GI symptoms
hepatotoxicity
skin lesions
tachycardia
hypertension
What is the function of vit B5
precursor for coenzyme A
What are the signs of vit B5 deficiency
somnolence
fatigue
leg muscle weakness
hand and feet paresthesia
What are the signs of vit B5 toxicity
diarrhea
water retention
What is the function of vit B6
formation of proteins, amino acids and neurotransmitters
What are the signs of vit B6 deficiency
infants: irritability and convulsions
adults: dermatitis, oral lesions, peripheral neuropathy
What are the signs of vit B6 toxicity
severe sensory neuropathy
prolactin inhibitions
What is the function of vit B9
cell division
DNA production
brain/spinal cord development
What are the signs of a vit B9 deficiency
impaired cell division and protein synthesis
sore mouth
diarrhea
cns symptoms
megaloblastic anemia
What is the function of vit B12
RBC and DNA synthesis
neurologic function
What are the signs of a vit B12 deficiency
macrocytic anemia
GI tract epithelial changes
neurologic symptoms
What is the function of Vit C
antioxidant and cofactor for collagen and prostaglandin metabolism
reduces ferric iron to ferrous iron
What are the signs of a Vit C deficiency
scurvy
fatigue
impaired wound healing
capillary hemorrhaging/weakening collagen structures
What are the signs of toxicity
nausea
stomach cramps
diarrhea
nephrolithiasis
Where are minerals present in the body
present through out the body in every tissue
*incorporated in enzymes or hormones or vitamins
*function as free ions
What are minerals used for in the body
mainly used for regulation
What is the function of iron
oxygen and electron transport
What are the signs of an iron deficiency
pallor
fatigue
split nails
SOB with exertion
hypochromic microcytosis
What are the signs of iron toxicity
abdominal pain
vomiting
diarrhea
electrolyte imbalance
shock
cardiovascular collapse
What is the function of magnesium
bone formation
enzyme function
maintenance of nerve and muscle electrophysiology
potassium transport
What are the signs of a magnesium deficiency
neuromuscular irritability
increased CNS stimulation
delirium
convulsions
What are the signs of Magnesium toxicity
diarrhea
muscle weakness
lethargy
sedation
diminished deep tendon reflexes
hypotension
dysrhythmia
What is the function of phosphorous
bone structure
phospholipids
DNA/RNA
ATP
buffer system
what are the signs of phosphorous deficiency
weakness
anorexia
malaise
pain
bone loss
what are the signs of phosphorous toxicity
diarrhea
stomach pain
What is the function of calcium
activates enzymes for acetylcholine synthesis
cell membrane integrity and function
muscle function
activates clotting factors
major component of bones and teeth
What are the signs of calcium deficiency
convulsions
bone and teeth deformities
behavior and mood disorders
What are the signs of calcium toxicity
renal stones
anorexia
N/V
constipation
polyuria
deposition of calcium in soft tissues
What is the calcium requirements for men
Age < 70 1000mg daily
Age > 70 1200mg daily
What is the calcium requirement for women
Age < 50 1000mg daily
Age > 50 1200mg daily
What populations are at risk for deficiencies
infants and children
pregnancy
older adults
malabsorptive states
alcoholism/drug abuse
cystic fibrosis
certain medications
What supplements should be considered for infants and children
vit A
multivitamin
What supplements should be considered for pregnant people
folic acid
vit D
calcium
iron
What supplements should be considered for older adults
vit B12
vit D
calcium
What supplements should be considered for those with alcoholism and drug abuse
water soluble vitamins
