Essays 61-70

Question 1

incidence of mast cell tumour

Answer 1

1st skin tumour in dogs
2nd in cats

Question 2

breed predisposition of mast cell tumour

Answer 2

boxer
weimaraner
golden retriever
siamese cat

Question 3

signs of mast cell tumour

Answer 3

lesions
vomiting
melena
coagulopathy
delayed wound healing
hypotension
local bleeding

Question 4

lesions of mast cell tumour

Answer 4

trunk
perineum
genitals
legs
head, neck

Question 5

mast cell tumour in dogs

Answer 5

solitary, non encapsulated, highly infiltratvie into dermis and subcut

Question 6

mast cell tumour in cats

Answer 6

solitary, well circumscribed, dermal mass

Question 7

fna of mast cell tumour

Answer 7

give premed of antihistamines

Question 8

treatment of mast cell tumour

Answer 8

surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
targeted therapy

Question 9

stage I of mast cell tumour

Answer 9

One tumor confined to dermis, no regional lnn involvement

Question 10

stage II of mast cell tumours

Answer 10

One tumor confined to dermis with regional lnn involvement

Question 11

stage III of mast cell tumour

Answer 11

Multiple dermal tumors: large infiltrating tumors + lnn involvement + systemic signs

Question 12

stage IV of mast cell tumour

Answer 12

Any tumor with distant metastasis or recurrence with metastasis

Question 13

name of eye melanoma

Answer 13

canine anterior uveal melanoma

Question 14

metastasis of canine anterior uveal melanoma

Answer 14

low

Question 15

diagnosis of canine anterior uveal melanoma

Answer 15

US, translumination
FNA, cytology

Question 16

therapy of canine anterior uveal melanoma

Answer 16

iridectomy/ cycletomy
neodinium laser irridation
laser therapy

Question 17

choroidal melanoma

Answer 17

no predisposition
dont grow for years then suddenly become invasive

Question 18

cat eye tumour

Answer 18

feline primary intraocular melanoma

Question 19

feline primary intraocular melanoma

Answer 19

no breed predisposition
malignant

Question 20

melanomas arounds eyes

Answer 20

canine conjunctival melanoma
feline conjunctival melanoma
limbal melanoma

Question 21

orbital tumours occurrence

Answer 21

90% malignant
dogs - female> male
cats - male > female
quick retinal degeneration syndrome

Question 22

orbital tumours diagnosis

Answer 22

FNA

Question 23

orbital meningioma

Answer 23

• Slow progression
• Rare metastases
• Osteolytic
• Involves neighboring tissue, CNS, optic foramen

Question 24

orbit adenoma

Answer 24

• obular, can cause enophtlmus and exophtalmus
• Difficult to operate

Question 25

radiotherapy eye side effects

Answer 25

• Chronic keratoconjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcer
• “dry eye”
• Enophthalmus
• Entropion
• Cataract
• Retinal bleeding
• Retinal detachment
• Blindness

Question 26

chemo eye side effects

Answer 26

• Blurred vision
• Partial visual field defect
• Loss of color vision
• Diplopia

Question 27

mechanisms in tumour pain

Answer 27

painful signals from PNS
mediators release from the tumour and immune cells
inflammatory signalling cascade

Question 28

rodent cancer models

Answer 28

persistent noxious signals
can cause genetic alterations
dysregulation of neuron glial immune system

Question 29

painful diagnostic intervention

Answer 29

bone marrow aspiration
tumour biopsy
positioning for xray
RDP
tumour palpation
surgery

Question 30

radiation associated pain

Answer 30

acute - oral mucositis, dermatitis
late - neuropathies, fibrosis

Question 31

chemo associated pain

Answer 31

paresthesia
abdominal pain
muscle cramps
burning like sensations
numbness
chemo induced peripheral neuropathy

Question 32

side effects of nsaids

Answer 32

gi toxicity
renal toxicity
liver toxicity

Question 33

grapiprant

Answer 33

• Highly selective EP4 prostaglandin, PGE2 receptor antagonist
• FDA approved for chronic osteoarthritis pain in dogs
• 2mg/kg SID PO

Question 34

acetaminophen

Answer 34

• Non-acidic NSAID
• ! cats : highly toxic
• Caution in dogs with liver dysfunction
• 10-15mg/kg BID PO
• • codein 1-2 mg/kg

Question 35

opioids

Answer 35

• Moderate to severe pain
• In combination with NSAIDs

Question 36

biphosphonates

Answer 36

• bone cancer
• Initiated by dysregulated osteoclasts and activation of nociceptors by prostaglandins
• Inhibit mevalonate pathway - block osteoclasts activity
• accumulation in bone tissue

Question 37

biphosphonates drugs

Answer 37

Pamidronate
Zoledronate

Question 38

anticonvulsants

Answer 38

chronic pain
carbamazepine
gabapentin

Question 39

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 39

for chronic pain in humans
amitriptyline, clomipramine, fluoxetine

Question 40

ovarian tumours

Answer 40

epithelial cell tumours
germ cell tumours
sex cord stroma/ gonadostromal tumours
mesenchymal tumours
germ cell & sex cord stromal tumours

Question 41

Epithelial cell tumors

Answer 41

• Outer surface of ovaries
• Malignant > benign
• 6-15 yo
• Malignant : adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma
• Benign : Rete adenoma, Papillary adenoma, cystadenoma

Question 42

Germ cell tumors

Answer 42

• Dysgerminoma (ovarian seminomas)
• Teratomas
• Malignant teratomas (teratocarcinomas)

Question 43

• Sex cord stroma / Gonadostromal tumors

Answer 43

• Malignant : Granulosa-thecal cell tumors (Inhibin-α = specific marker)
• Benign : Thecomas, Luteomas

Question 44

• Mesenchymal tumors

Answer 44

• Hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma, leiomyoma

Question 45

Germ cell + Sex cord stromal cells tumors

Answer 45

• Mixed dysgerminoma / granulosa-cell tumor