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Oncology > Essays 11-20 > Flashcards

Essays 11-20 Flashcards

1
Q

acute inflammation cytologic characteristics

A

> 70% neutrophils (85 –> purulent)
mononuclear cells - macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes

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2
Q

septic inflammation cytologic characteristics

A

neutrophil degeneration —karyolysis
+/- bacteria or fungi

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3
Q

non septic inflammation cytologic characteristics

A

well preserved neutrophils
cause - tumour, necrosis, pancreatitis, gall bladder rupture

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4
Q

eosinophilic inflammation cytologic characteristics

A

> 50% eosinophils
+ neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes

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5
Q

causes of eosinophilic inflammation

A

immune/ allergy
parasites
fungi
neoplasia

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6
Q

major adjuvant therapies

A

alkalanization of tumour cells
HBO treatment

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7
Q

alkalanization of tumour cells

A

decreases drug penetration and apoptoptic potential

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8
Q

hbo treatement

A

increase pressure to promote new blood vessesl
increasing drug transportation to tumour
increasing tumour sensitivity to treatment

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9
Q

overcoming drug kinetics

A

local chemo
pegylation
chemotherapy implants
electrochemotherapy
hyperthermic chemotherapy
photodynamic therpay

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10
Q

electrochemotherapy principle

A

electric impulses to tumour tissues
stimulate opening of pores/ transporters
enhance drug penetration

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11
Q

process of electrochemotherapy

A

anaesthesia
inject drug
generate electric impulse

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12
Q

exampls of use of electrochemotherapy

A

feline scc
perianal gland adenoma

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13
Q

advantages of electrochemotherapy

A

high remission rate
complete > partial response
increased immune response
low toxicity
good cost benefit

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14
Q

hyperthermic therapy

A

increase of temp around tumour
to increase drug penetration

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15
Q

photodynamic therapy principle

A

injection of sensitiser
either free radical (damage tumour) or fluorescence (diagnosis)

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16
Q

photodynamic therapy sensitisers

A

heme products - 5ALA
protoporphyrin IX
photofrin II

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17
Q

usages of photodynamic therpay

A

feline SCC

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18
Q

rules of sampling

A

from border of mass
appropriate fixation
submission doc

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19
Q

mistakes in sampling

A

damaged edges
cauterization
inappropriate depth

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20
Q

influencing factors of sampling

A

location/ size of tumour
goal of sampling - whole removal (cytology) or part of it (histopath)
result of cytology - margins

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21
Q

sampling methods

A

core needle endoscope
punch biopsy
incision
excision

22
Q

staining methods in histology

A

HE - hematoxylin eosin
H = cationic - binds to nucleic acid
E - anionic - binds to cytoplasmic proteins

23
Q

immunochemistry
principle

A

specific antibodies linked to chromogens binding to antigens on surface of tumour cells

24
Q

immunochemistry
limitations

A

not always enough for diagnosis
antigen can be expressed by other cell types
antigen can by expressed by normal cells in certain tissue

25
Q

immunochemistry
goals

A

help diagnosis
lymphoma classification
metastasis identification
targeted therapy

26
Q

immunochemistry
staining

A

cytokeratin - mammary gland
hepatic paraffin
CD3/ CD20
CD 79A

27
Q

epithelial tumours

A

tight junctions/ cohesive adhesion
clusters

28
Q

mesenchymal tumours

A

interconnected
finger like projections

29
Q

round cell tumour

A

unconnected
spheroid shape with aggregates
asymmetrical masses

30
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
benign

A

adenoma

31
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
malignant

A

carcinoma (epithelial)
osteocarcinoma (mesenchymal)

32
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
diagnosis

A

CBC,
thoracic xrays
FNA
regional LN FNA

33
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
stage 1

A

<3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis

34
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
stage 2

A

3-5cm
no LN involved
no metastasis

35
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
stage 3

A

> 3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis

36
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
stage 4

A

any size
LN involved
no metastasis

37
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
stage 5

A

any size
LN involved
metastasis

38
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
histopath grading

A

I, II, III
based on - tubule formation, nuclear morphology, mitotic count

39
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
prognosis

A

depends on tumour size and LN involvement

40
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
risk factors

A

age - older = increased malignancy
hormonal exposure - progesterone
breeds - small and purebred
obeisity

41
Q

canine mammary gland tumours
tumour biology

A

ovarian hormones - induce proliferation
multiple tumours can appear
histiologic progression

42
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
benign

A

adenoma

43
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
malignant

A

carinoma

44
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
epidemiology

A

cats < dogs
males also affected

45
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
risk factors

A

age - 10-12yrs
hormonal exposure
breed - siamese

46
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
stage 1

A

<2cm
no LN involved
no metastasis

47
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
stage 2

A

2-3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis

48
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
stage 3

A

> 3cm
LN involved
no metastasis

49
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
stage 4

A

any size
LN involved
metastasis

50
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
prognosis

A

stage 1 - good. metastases within 3yrs
stage 2/3 - metastases within 6months
LN involved - metastases within 9months

51
Q

feline mammary gland tumours
treatment

A

surgery
doxrubicin, cyclophosphamide

Oncology (12 decks)

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