Essays 11-20 Flashcards
acute inflammation cytologic characteristics
> 70% neutrophils (85 –> purulent)
mononuclear cells - macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes
septic inflammation cytologic characteristics
neutrophil degeneration —karyolysis
+/- bacteria or fungi
non septic inflammation cytologic characteristics
well preserved neutrophils
cause - tumour, necrosis, pancreatitis, gall bladder rupture
eosinophilic inflammation cytologic characteristics
> 50% eosinophils
+ neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes
causes of eosinophilic inflammation
immune/ allergy
parasites
fungi
neoplasia
major adjuvant therapies
alkalanization of tumour cells
HBO treatment
alkalanization of tumour cells
decreases drug penetration and apoptoptic potential
hbo treatement
increase pressure to promote new blood vessesl
increasing drug transportation to tumour
increasing tumour sensitivity to treatment
overcoming drug kinetics
local chemo
pegylation
chemotherapy implants
electrochemotherapy
hyperthermic chemotherapy
photodynamic therpay
electrochemotherapy principle
electric impulses to tumour tissues
stimulate opening of pores/ transporters
enhance drug penetration
process of electrochemotherapy
anaesthesia
inject drug
generate electric impulse
exampls of use of electrochemotherapy
feline scc
perianal gland adenoma
advantages of electrochemotherapy
high remission rate
complete > partial response
increased immune response
low toxicity
good cost benefit
hyperthermic therapy
increase of temp around tumour
to increase drug penetration
photodynamic therapy principle
injection of sensitiser
either free radical (damage tumour) or fluorescence (diagnosis)
photodynamic therapy sensitisers
heme products - 5ALA
protoporphyrin IX
photofrin II
usages of photodynamic therpay
feline SCC
rules of sampling
from border of mass
appropriate fixation
submission doc
mistakes in sampling
damaged edges
cauterization
inappropriate depth
influencing factors of sampling
location/ size of tumour
goal of sampling - whole removal (cytology) or part of it (histopath)
result of cytology - margins
sampling methods
core needle endoscope
punch biopsy
incision
excision
staining methods in histology
HE - hematoxylin eosin
H = cationic - binds to nucleic acid
E - anionic - binds to cytoplasmic proteins
immunochemistry
principle
specific antibodies linked to chromogens binding to antigens on surface of tumour cells
immunochemistry
limitations
not always enough for diagnosis
antigen can be expressed by other cell types
antigen can by expressed by normal cells in certain tissue
immunochemistry
goals
help diagnosis
lymphoma classification
metastasis identification
targeted therapy
immunochemistry
staining
cytokeratin - mammary gland
hepatic paraffin
CD3/ CD20
CD 79A
epithelial tumours
tight junctions/ cohesive adhesion
clusters
mesenchymal tumours
interconnected
finger like projections
round cell tumour
unconnected
spheroid shape with aggregates
asymmetrical masses
canine mammary gland tumours
benign
adenoma
canine mammary gland tumours
malignant
carcinoma (epithelial)
osteocarcinoma (mesenchymal)
canine mammary gland tumours
diagnosis
CBC,
thoracic xrays
FNA
regional LN FNA
canine mammary gland tumours
stage 1
<3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis
canine mammary gland tumours
stage 2
3-5cm
no LN involved
no metastasis
canine mammary gland tumours
stage 3
> 3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis
canine mammary gland tumours
stage 4
any size
LN involved
no metastasis
canine mammary gland tumours
stage 5
any size
LN involved
metastasis
canine mammary gland tumours
histopath grading
I, II, III
based on - tubule formation, nuclear morphology, mitotic count
canine mammary gland tumours
prognosis
depends on tumour size and LN involvement
canine mammary gland tumours
risk factors
age - older = increased malignancy
hormonal exposure - progesterone
breeds - small and purebred
obeisity
canine mammary gland tumours
tumour biology
ovarian hormones - induce proliferation
multiple tumours can appear
histiologic progression
feline mammary gland tumours
benign
adenoma
feline mammary gland tumours
malignant
carinoma
feline mammary gland tumours
epidemiology
cats < dogs
males also affected
feline mammary gland tumours
risk factors
age - 10-12yrs
hormonal exposure
breed - siamese
feline mammary gland tumours
stage 1
<2cm
no LN involved
no metastasis
feline mammary gland tumours
stage 2
2-3cm
no LN involved
no metastasis
feline mammary gland tumours
stage 3
> 3cm
LN involved
no metastasis
feline mammary gland tumours
stage 4
any size
LN involved
metastasis
feline mammary gland tumours
prognosis
stage 1 - good. metastases within 3yrs
stage 2/3 - metastases within 6months
LN involved - metastases within 9months
feline mammary gland tumours
treatment
surgery
doxrubicin, cyclophosphamide
