Essays 6-10

Question 1

causes of high incidence of tumours in dogs vs humans

Answer 1

decreased genetic diversity
decreased nucleotide diversity
single nucleotide polyphormism - haplotype sharing

Question 2

what is the name for a pure bred dog bad genes

Answer 2

germ line mutation

Question 3

mutations of histiocytic sarcoma

Answer 3

CFA11
MTAP & CDKN2A
no apoptosis
similar to humans

Question 4

breeds predisposed to histiocytic sarcomas

Answer 4

bermese
flat coated retrivers
rottweiler
golden retriever

Question 5

mutations of mast cell tumours

Answer 5

c-KIT gene
constantly sending proliferation signals without external stimulus
not similar to humans

Question 6

breeds predisposed to mast cell tumour

Answer 6

boxer
vizsla
sharpei
mastiff

Question 7

major genetic characteristics of human breast cancer

Answer 7

BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations

Question 8

mammary gland tumour incidence in dogs

Answer 8

quiet high

Question 9

cause of mammary gland tumour

Answer 9

increased progesterone

Question 10

prevention of mammary gland tumour

Answer 10

ovariectomy before 2yrs

Question 11

gene mutations causing mammary gland tumours

Answer 11

P53 related pathways

Question 12

can BRCA cause mammary tumours in dogs

Answer 12

not necessarily - only in english coker

Question 13

tumours not to aspirate by FNA

Answer 13

malignant tumours
carcinomas - hepatocellular, urothelial, cholangio, papillary, breast, oral scc

Question 14

why cant those tumours be aspirates by FNA

Answer 14

due to tumour shedding

Question 15

what are the best tissues to sample for cytology

Answer 15

fluids
- body cavity fluids
- joint synovia
- CSF
- urine
- discharge

Question 16

cytology provides info on

Answer 16

type of fluid
type of inflammation
presence of neoplastic cells
type of neoplasm

Question 17

advantages of cytology

Answer 17

easy, quick
simple material
no surgical intervention
on living or dead patients
evaluation of fluids

Question 18

disadvantages of cytology

Answer 18

sample not often representative
no info about tissue structure - only cell types
hemodilution
cells often damaged during preperation

Question 19

limitations of cytology

Answer 19

false negatives
false positives

Question 20

cause of false negative

Answer 20

poor exfoliation
necrosis
neoplasm not well differetiated

Question 21

cause of false positive

Answer 21

inflammatory dysplasia

Question 22

basic sampling techniques

Answer 22

FNA
impression smear
scraping
tuch impring sample
vaginal swab
prostate massage
nasal swab
lavage
bronchial brush
joint
csf
bm sampling
prostate cyst
body cavity fluid tap

Question 23

what to avoid during sampling

Answer 23

not checking the blood clotting parameters
contamination of sample
maintaining vacuum
too thick
staining mistake
not seperating samples for transport