Essays 21- 30 Flashcards
alimentary lymphoma of cats
50% of lymphoma cases in cats
classification of alimentary lymphoma of cats according to size of neoplastic cells
low grade - well differentiate - 19-29months survival
intermediate grade - 7-10months survival
large granular lymphocytic - 17 days survival
diagnosis of alimentary lymphoma of cats
symptoms
hematology
biochem
imaing
fna
histopath
symptoms of alimentary lymphoma of cats
anorexia
vomting
tenesmus
treatment of alimentary lymphoma of cats
low grade (LGAL) - chlorambucil & prednisolone
intermediate (IGAL) - doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone, appetite stimulants
diagnostic possibilites of feline lymphoid tumours
hematology/ smear
urinalysis
FeLV/ FIV
FNA
imagine
when to do full staging of feline lymphoid tumours
information obtained yield prognosis information
confirm solitary forms
research
feline lymphoid tumours
low grade treatment
metronomic therapy
feline lymphoid tumours
high grade therapy
cyclophosphamide & vincristine & prednisolone
feline nasal lymphoma
occurence
elderly FeLV cats
feline nasal lymphoma
symtpoms
stridor
sneezing
epistaxis
exophtalmus
deformed skull
decreased appetite
feline nasal lymphoma
diagnosis
imagine
cytology
feline nasal lymphoma
treatment
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
feline nasal lymphoma
prognosis
worse in cribiform plate is involved
feline renal lymphoma
diagnosis
bilateral, enlarged kidneys
irregular contours
symptoms of kidney insufficiency
FeLV/ FIV negative
feline renal lymphoma
therapy
low grade - metronomic
high grade - COP
treat kidney insufficiency (prednisolone)
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
etiology
malgnant tumour of blood vessels
dog > cat
elderly male dogs
spleen, right atrium, dermal, pericardial, pulmonary, renal, oral, osseal
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
clincially
sunclinical hemorrhage
abdominal distension, effusions
hemorrhagic shock
sudden collapse
death
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
diagnosis
microangiopathic hemolysis - anaemoa, acanthocytes, achistocytes
coagulopathies
abdominal US
histopath
immunohistochem
intraoperative
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 1
no tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact spleen
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 2
tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact rupture
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 3
<5CM infiltrating tumour
LN involed distantly
metatsases
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
therapy
surgery
doxorubicin alone
VAC protocol
AC protocol
metronomic
immunotherapy
VAC protocol
doxorubicin –> cyclophosphamide –> vincristine –> repeat
AC protocol
doxorubicin –> cyclophosphamide –> repeat
Splenic haemagiosarcomas
prognosis
low survival rate with total splenectomy
guidelines for chemotherapy
5 steps
- start with accurate diagnosis
- provide adequate information to the owner
- treat,emt
- apply safety protocols
- dont use chemo as a last chance
how to get an accurate diagnosis
precise physical test
blood tests
imagine
sample
why use a combo of drugs
agents are selective for specific cell cycle phases
3 agents from the antitumour antibiotic group
antracyclines
- doxorubicin
- epirubicin
mitoxantrone
mechanism of antracyclines
dna intercalation
- inhibit dna, rna synthesis
uses of antracyclines
lymphome
mesenchymal and epithelial tumours
toxicity of antracyclines
myelosuppression
cardiotoxic
nephrotoxic
gi toxicity
hypersensitivity
epi < doxo
mitoxantrone mechanism
dna intercalation
topoisomerase II inhibition
disrupts dna synthesis and repair
mitoxantrone
use
lymphoma
mesenchymla and ep tumours
dogs with heart disease
transitional cell carcinoma
mitoxantrone
toxicity
gi
rare cardiotoxicity
toxic side effects of chemotherapy
myelosupression
vomiting
diarrhoea
pancreatitis
organ damage - nephro, cardio, hepato toxicity
alopecia - increase portal of entry
infertility - for breeding animals
teratogenicity - for pregnant animals
infection, sepsis
myelosuppression
leucopenia – secondary infection from GI, resp, wound etc
anaemia
vomitting and diarrhoes
loss of fluids, electrolytes
pancreatits
decrease general health status and inflammatory cell mobilisation
nephrotoxicity
ciplastine – dehydration, toxic metabolites accumulation, hypertension
cardiotoxic
doxorubicin
hepatotoxicity
decrease the detoxification of drugs
therefor increase toxicity
checkpoint proteins
produced by normal t cells/ cancer cells
when bind to a partner protein - send off signals
prevent t cells from killing cencer cells
role of checkpoint inhibitors
immuno therapy
examples of checkpoint inhibitors
PD1 inhibitors - pembrolizumab
PD - L1 inhibitor - atezolimab
CTLA 4 inhibitor - ipilimumab
checkpoint inhibitors uses
melanoma
head and neck cancer
bladder cancer
hodgkin lymphoma
not for vets
checkpoint inhibitors
side effect
diarrhoea
pneumonia
rash
hormonal level problems
kidney infections
monoclonal antibodies
artificial antibodies
target a certain antigen
role of monoclonal antibodies
target a specific antigen on a cancer tell
hekp the immune system to respond better
examples of monoclonal antibodies unde in dogs
rituximab - CD21 marker of b cells - b cell lymphoma
T cell lymphoma - t cell lymphoma
trastuzumab - HER-2 - mammary carcinoma in hu
DER 2 antibody - mammary carcinoma in dogs
side effects of monoclonal antibodies
fever
weakness
headache
nausea
vomiting
diarrhoea
low BP
rash
