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Oncology > Essays 21- 30 > Flashcards

Essays 21- 30 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary lymphoma of cats

A

50% of lymphoma cases in cats

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2
Q

classification of alimentary lymphoma of cats according to size of neoplastic cells

A

low grade - well differentiate - 19-29months survival
intermediate grade - 7-10months survival
large granular lymphocytic - 17 days survival

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3
Q

diagnosis of alimentary lymphoma of cats

A

symptoms
hematology
biochem
imaing
fna
histopath

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4
Q

symptoms of alimentary lymphoma of cats

A

anorexia
vomting
tenesmus

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5
Q

treatment of alimentary lymphoma of cats

A

low grade (LGAL) - chlorambucil & prednisolone
intermediate (IGAL) - doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone, appetite stimulants

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6
Q

diagnostic possibilites of feline lymphoid tumours

A

hematology/ smear
urinalysis
FeLV/ FIV
FNA
imagine

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7
Q

when to do full staging of feline lymphoid tumours

A

information obtained yield prognosis information
confirm solitary forms
research

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8
Q

feline lymphoid tumours
low grade treatment

A

metronomic therapy

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9
Q

feline lymphoid tumours
high grade therapy

A

cyclophosphamide & vincristine & prednisolone

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10
Q

feline nasal lymphoma
occurence

A

elderly FeLV cats

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11
Q

feline nasal lymphoma
symtpoms

A

stridor
sneezing
epistaxis
exophtalmus
deformed skull
decreased appetite

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12
Q

feline nasal lymphoma
diagnosis

A

imagine
cytology

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13
Q

feline nasal lymphoma
treatment

A

radiotherapy
chemotherapy

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14
Q

feline nasal lymphoma
prognosis

A

worse in cribiform plate is involved

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15
Q

feline renal lymphoma
diagnosis

A

bilateral, enlarged kidneys
irregular contours
symptoms of kidney insufficiency
FeLV/ FIV negative

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16
Q

feline renal lymphoma
therapy

A

low grade - metronomic
high grade - COP
treat kidney insufficiency (prednisolone)

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17
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
etiology

A

malgnant tumour of blood vessels
dog > cat
elderly male dogs
spleen, right atrium, dermal, pericardial, pulmonary, renal, oral, osseal

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18
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
clincially

A

sunclinical hemorrhage
abdominal distension, effusions
hemorrhagic shock
sudden collapse
death

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19
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
diagnosis

A

microangiopathic hemolysis - anaemoa, acanthocytes, achistocytes
coagulopathies
abdominal US
histopath
immunohistochem
intraoperative

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20
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 1

A

no tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact spleen

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21
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 2

A

tumour seen
no LN involed
no metatsases
intact rupture

22
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
stage 3

A

<5CM infiltrating tumour
LN involed distantly
metatsases

23
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
therapy

A

surgery
doxorubicin alone
VAC protocol
AC protocol
metronomic
immunotherapy

24
Q

VAC protocol

A

doxorubicin –> cyclophosphamide –> vincristine –> repeat

25
Q

AC protocol

A

doxorubicin –> cyclophosphamide –> repeat

26
Q

Splenic haemagiosarcomas
prognosis

A

low survival rate with total splenectomy

27
Q

guidelines for chemotherapy
5 steps

A
  1. start with accurate diagnosis
  2. provide adequate information to the owner
  3. treat,emt
  4. apply safety protocols
  5. dont use chemo as a last chance
28
Q

how to get an accurate diagnosis

A

precise physical test
blood tests
imagine
sample

29
Q

why use a combo of drugs

A

agents are selective for specific cell cycle phases

30
Q

3 agents from the antitumour antibiotic group

A

antracyclines
- doxorubicin
- epirubicin
mitoxantrone

31
Q

mechanism of antracyclines

A

dna intercalation
- inhibit dna, rna synthesis

32
Q

uses of antracyclines

A

lymphome
mesenchymal and epithelial tumours

33
Q

toxicity of antracyclines

A

myelosuppression
cardiotoxic
nephrotoxic
gi toxicity
hypersensitivity
epi < doxo

34
Q

mitoxantrone mechanism

A

dna intercalation
topoisomerase II inhibition
disrupts dna synthesis and repair

35
Q

mitoxantrone
use

A

lymphoma
mesenchymla and ep tumours
dogs with heart disease
transitional cell carcinoma

36
Q

mitoxantrone
toxicity

A

gi
rare cardiotoxicity

37
Q

toxic side effects of chemotherapy

A

myelosupression
vomiting
diarrhoea
pancreatitis
organ damage - nephro, cardio, hepato toxicity
alopecia - increase portal of entry
infertility - for breeding animals
teratogenicity - for pregnant animals
infection, sepsis

38
Q

myelosuppression

A

leucopenia – secondary infection from GI, resp, wound etc
anaemia

39
Q

vomitting and diarrhoes

A

loss of fluids, electrolytes

40
Q

pancreatits

A

decrease general health status and inflammatory cell mobilisation

41
Q

nephrotoxicity

A

ciplastine – dehydration, toxic metabolites accumulation, hypertension

42
Q

cardiotoxic

A

doxorubicin

43
Q

hepatotoxicity

A

decrease the detoxification of drugs
therefor increase toxicity

44
Q

checkpoint proteins

A

produced by normal t cells/ cancer cells
when bind to a partner protein - send off signals
prevent t cells from killing cencer cells

45
Q

role of checkpoint inhibitors

A

immuno therapy

46
Q

examples of checkpoint inhibitors

A

PD1 inhibitors - pembrolizumab
PD - L1 inhibitor - atezolimab
CTLA 4 inhibitor - ipilimumab

47
Q

checkpoint inhibitors uses

A

melanoma
head and neck cancer
bladder cancer
hodgkin lymphoma
not for vets

48
Q

checkpoint inhibitors
side effect

A

diarrhoea
pneumonia
rash
hormonal level problems
kidney infections

49
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

artificial antibodies
target a certain antigen

50
Q

role of monoclonal antibodies

A

target a specific antigen on a cancer tell
hekp the immune system to respond better

51
Q

examples of monoclonal antibodies unde in dogs

A

rituximab - CD21 marker of b cells - b cell lymphoma
T cell lymphoma - t cell lymphoma
trastuzumab - HER-2 - mammary carcinoma in hu
DER 2 antibody - mammary carcinoma in dogs

52
Q

side effects of monoclonal antibodies

A

fever
weakness
headache
nausea
vomiting
diarrhoea
low BP
rash

Oncology (12 decks)

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